< Previous | Contents | Next >
You don't have to specify the user who should run the commands. They are executed with the user's own permissions by default.
4.5. Summary
Linux is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that has a UNIX-like way of handling processes. Execution speed of commands can depend on a thousand tiny things. Among others, we learned a lot of new commands to visualize and handle processes. Here's a list:
Table 4-3. New commands in chapter 4: Processes
Command | Meaning |
at | Queue jobs for later execution. |
atq | Lists the user's pending jobs. |
atrm | Deletes jobs, determined by their job number. |
batch | Executes commands when system load level permits. |
crontab | Maintain crontab files for individual users. |
halt | Stop the system. |
init run level | Process control initialization. |
jobs | Lists currently executing jobs. |
kill | Terminate a process. |
mesg | Control write access to your terminal. |
netstat | Display network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections and multicast memberships. |
nice | Run a program with modified scheduling priority. |
pgrep | Display processes. |
ps | Report process status. |
pstree | Display a tree of processes. |
reboot | Stop the system. |
renice | Alter priority of running processes. |
shutdown | Bring the system down. |
sleep | Delay for a specified time. |
time | Time a command or report resource usage. |
top | Display top CPU processes. |
uptime | Show how long the system has been running. |
vmstat | Report virtual memory statistics. |
w | Show who is logged on and what they are doing. |
wall | Send a message to everybody's terminals. |
who | Show who is logged on. |
write | Send a message to another user. |