Index
A
a2ps command 337
absolute pathnames 9
alias command.............................................50, 128
aliases.....................................................42, 50, 126
American National Standards Institute (see ANSI)
............................................................................162
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (see ASCII) 18
anchors 251
anonymous FTP servers 203
ANSI 162
ANSI escape codes....................................162, 166 ANSI.SYS 162
Apache web server 119
apropos command 47
apt-cache command 171
apt-get command.............................................170p.
aptitude command 170
Arch 168
archiving 234
arithmetic expansion..............70, 75, 369, 459, 467
arithmetic expressions..................70, 456, 467, 470
arithmetic operators.....................................70, 468
arithmetic truth tests...................................393, 467 arrays........................................................................
append values to the end 486
assigning values 482
associative............................................488, 491
creating 481
deleting 487
determine number of elements 485
finding used subscripts 486
index 481
multidimensional 481
reading variables into 403
sorting 487
subscript 481
two-dimensional 481
ASCII.............................78, 82, 225, 255, 267, 337
bell character 159
carriage return 271
collation order..............................255, 257, 389
control codes..................................78, 255, 331
groff output driver 324
linefeed character 271
null character 225
printable characters 255
text 18
aspell command 303
assembler 344
assembly language 344
assignment operators 470
associative arrays.......................................488, 491
asynchronous execution 499
audio CDs...................................................182, 194
AWK programming language....................303, 476
B
back references...................................267, 298, 300
backslash escape sequences 78
backslash-escaped special characters 158
backups, incremental 238
basename command 443
bash................................................................2, 126
man page 48
basic regular expressions 258, 266p., 296, 300, 310 bc command 476
Berkeley Software Distribution 335
bg command 117
binary.............................................94, 98, 344, 468
bit mask 97
bit operators 472
Bourne, Steve.....................................................2, 6
brace expansion......................................71, 75, 454
branching 383
break command..........................................415, 448
broken links 40
BSD style 112
buffering 184
bugs.................................................................426p. build environment 349
bzip2 command 233
C
C programming language...........344, 456, 471, 474 C++ 344
cal command 4
cancel command 342
carriage return. .18, 78, 159, 255p., 270, 302p., 334 case compound command 432
case conversion 465
cat command................................................58, 270
cd command.....................................................9, 11
CD-ROMs...............................................181p., 193
cdrecord command 194
cdrtools 194
character classes...26p., 252, 254p., 257, 261, 294,
303
character ranges................................27, 253p., 303 chgrp command 104
child process 109
chmod command..................................93, 106, 358
chown command........................................103, 106 Chrome 363
chronological sorting 277
cleartext......................................................203, 206
client-server architecture 501
COBOL programming language 344
collation order....................128, 255, 257, 293, 389
ASCII...................................................257, 389
dictionary 255
traditional 257
comm command 288
command history..............................................3, 84
command line...........................................................
arguments 439
editing.........................................................3, 80
expansion 67
history.........................................................3, 85
interfaces................................................xvii, 28
command options 14
command substitution............................73, 75, 454 commands................................................................
arguments...............................................14, 439
determining type 43
documentation 44
executable program files........................42, 344
executing as another user 100
long options 14
options 14
comments...........................130, 136, 302, 357, 427
Common Unix Printing System.................333, 342 comparison operators 473
compiler 344
compiling 343
completions 82
compound commands..............................................
case 432
for 453
if 383
until 416
while 413
(( ))................................................393, 409, 467
[[ ]]........................................................391, 409
compression algorithms 231
conditional expressions..............................399, 423
configuration files..................................18, 21, 126
configure command 349
constants 368
continue command 415
control characters.......................................159, 270
control codes................................................78, 255
control operators......................................................
&&........................................................397, 409
||....................................................................397 controlling terminal............................................110
COPYING 347
copying and pasting.................................................
in vim 147
on the command line 81
with X Window System 3
coreutils package.........................45, 48p., 283, 307
counting words in a file 62
cp command...................................28, 35, 134, 210
CPU.........................................................109p., 343
cron job 215
crossword puzzles 251
csplit command 308
CUPS..........................................................333, 342
current working directory 8
cursor movement 80
cut command..............................................281, 464
D
daemon programs.......................................109, 119
data compression 230
data redundancy 230
data validation 392
date command 4
date formats 277
dd command 192
Debian 168
Debian Style (.deb) 169
debugging...................................................379, 427
declare command 466
defensive programming.............................423, 427
delimiters..............................................76, 275, 278
dependencies..............................................170, 352
design.........................................................425, 427
device drivers.............................................176, 344
device names 184
device nodes 20
df command...................................................4, 381
diction 345
dictionary collation order 255
diff command 289
Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) 170
directories.................................................................
archiving 234
changing 9
copying 28
creating.....................................................28, 34
current working 8
deleting.....................................................31, 39
hierarchical 7
home.................................................21, 91, 381
listing 13
moving......................................................30, 36
navigating 7
OLD_PWD variable 128
parent 8
PATH variable 128
PWD variable 129
removing...................................................31, 39
renaming...................................................30, 36
root 7
shared 105
sticky bit 99
synchronizing 242
transferring over a network 242
viewing contents 8
disk partitions 179
DISPLAY variable 128
Dolphin 27
dos2unix command 271
double quotes 75
dpkg command 170
du command...............................................273, 381
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 202
E
echo command.....................................67, 127, 364
-e option 78
-n option 401
edge and corner cases 426
EDITOR variable 128
effective group ID 99
effective user ID...........................................99, 110
elif statement 390
email 269
embedded systems 344
empty variables 460
encrypted tunnels 210
encryption 294
end of file.....................................................59, 371
endless loop 416
enscript command 340
environment.......................................101, 126, 407 aliases 126
establishing 129
examining 126
login shell 129
shell functions 126
shell variables 126
startup files 129
subshells 494
variables 126
eqn command 322
executable files 350
executable program files..............................42, 344 executable programs................................................
determining location 43
PATH variable 128
exit command.........................................5, 388, 410
exit status...................................................384, 388
expand command 283
expansions 67
arithmetic..........................70, 75, 369, 459, 467
brace.................................................71, 75, 454
command substitution......................73, 75, 454 delimiters 76
errors resulting from 421
history.......................................................85, 87
parameter..........................72, 75, 367, 373, 459
pathname..........................................68, 75, 454
tilde...........................................................69, 75
word-splitting 75
expressions............................................................... arithmetic........................70, 456, 467, 470, 482
conditional............................................399, 423 ext4 190
extended regular expressions 258
Extensible Markup Language 269
F
false command 385
fdformat command 192
fdisk command 187
fg command 117
FIFO 501
file command 17
file descriptor 56
file system corruption 184
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 203
filenames 225
case sensitive 11
embedded spaces in................................12, 264 extensions 12
hidden 11
files...........................................................................
access 90
archiving...............................................234, 240
attributes 91
block special 92
block special device 216
changing file mode 93
changing owner and group owner 103
character special 92
character special device 216
compression 230
configuration..................................18, 126, 268
copying.....................................................28, 35
copying over a network 203
creating empty 55
deb 168
deleting.............................................31, 39, 222
determining contents 17
device nodes 20
execution access 91
expressions 386
finding 213
hidden 11
iso image..............................................193, 195
listing..........................................................8, 13
mode 92
moving......................................................30, 36
owner 93
permissions 90
read access 91
regular 216
removing...................................................31, 39
renaming...................................................30, 36
rpm 168
shared library 21
startup 129
sticky bit 99
symbolic links 216
synchronizing 242
temporary 498
text 17
transferring over a network..........203, 239, 242 truncating 55
type 91
viewing contents 17
write access 91
filters 61
find command............................................215, 238
findutils package 229
Firefox 363
firewalls 199
first-in first-out 501
floppy disks........................................178, 185, 192 flow control..............................................................
branching 383
case compound command 432
elif statement 390
endless loop 416
for compound command 453
for loop 453
function statement 376
if compound command 383
looping 412
menu-driven 409
multiple-choice decisions 432
reading files with while and until loops 417
terminating a loop 415
traps 496
until loop 416
while loop 413
fmt command 313
focus policy 4
fold command 313
for compound command 453
for loop 453
Fortran programming language..................344, 456 free command.................................................5, 183
Free Software Foundation............................xix, xxi fsck command 191
ftp command...............................203, 211, 345, 372
FTP servers.................................................203, 372
FUNCNAME variable 444
function statement 376
G
gcc 345
gedit command...........................................115, 133
genisoimage command 194
Gentoo 168
getopts command 452
Ghostscript 333
gid 90
global variables 378
globbing 26
GNOME...............................2, 27, 41, 97, 133, 211 gnome-terminal 2
GNU binutils package 455
GNU C Compiler 345
GNU coreutils package...............45, 48p., 283, 307 GNU findutils package 229
GNU Project..........14, xix, xxi, 229, 307, 345, 347 info command 48
GNU/Linux..................................................xix, xxi
graphical user interfaces xvii
grep command......................................62, 247, 406 groff 322
group commands 490
groups 90
effective group ID 99
gid 90
primary group ID 90
setgid 99
GUI................................3, xvii, 27, 41, 80, 96, 129
gunzip command 231
gzip command..............................................50, 231
H
halt command 122
hard disks 178
hard links..................................................24, 33, 37
creating 37
listing 38
head command 63
header files 348
hello world program 357
help command 44
here documents 371
here strings 407
hexadecimal.................................................94, 468
hidden files.....................................................11, 69
hierarchical directory structure 7
high-level programming languages 344
history......................................................................
expansion..................................................85, 87
searching 85
history command 85
home directories 21
root account 22
/etc/passwd 91
home directory...........................8, 11, 69, 101, 128 HOME variable 128
hostname 159
HTML........................269, 303, 323, 363, 373, 375
Hypertext Markup Language 269
I
I/O redirection (see redirection) 53
ICMP ECHO_REQUEST 199
id command 90
IDE 185
if compound command......................131, 421, 432 ifconfig command 201
IFS variable 405
incremental backups 238
info files 49
init 109
init scripts 109
inodes 38
INSTALL 347
installation wizard 169
integers.....................................................................
arithmetic................................................70, 476
division...................................................71, 469
expressions 390
interactivity 400
Internal Field Separator 405
interpreted languages 344
interpreted programs 345
interpreter 344
ip command 201
iso images...................................................193, 195
iso9660.......................................................182, 195
J
job control 116
job numbers 116
jobspec 117
join command 285
Joliet extensions 194
Joy, Bill 139
K
kate command 133
KDE......................................2, 27, 41, 97, 133, 211
kedit command 133
kernel...xvi, xixp., 46, 109, 119, 176, 185, 291, 353 key fields 275
kill command 118
killall command 121
killing text 81
Knuth, Donald 322
Konqueror..............................................27, 97, 211
konsole 2
kwrite command.........................................115, 133
L
LANG variable...................................128, 255, 257
less command.................................17, 60, 242, 265 lftp command 205
libraries 344
LibreOffice Writer........................................18, xxi
line continuation character 361
line editors 139
line-continuation character 302
linker 344
linking 344
links..........................................................................
broken 40
creating 33
hard...........................................................24, 33
symbolic...................................................23, 34
Linux community 168
Linux distributions 168
Arch 168
CentOS 169
Debian...............................................168p., 343
Fedora..............................................xix, 90, 169
Gentoo 168
Linux Mint 169
OpenSUSE............................................xix, 169
packaging systems 168
Raspbian 169
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 169
Slackware 168
Ubuntu................................................xix, 168p.
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. . .19, 24, 360
Linux kernel......xvi, xixp., 46, 109, 119, 176, 185,
291, 353
device drivers 176
literal characters 249
live CDs xix
ln command....................................................33, 37
local variables 378
locale..........................................255, 257, 293, 389
locale command 257
localhost 207
locate command.........................................213, 265
logical errors 423
logical operations 394
logical operators 218
logical relationships...................................218, 222
login prompt...................................................5, 204
login shell.............................................91, 101, 129
long options 14
loopback interface 202
looping 412
loops...................................423, 469, 472, 489, 495
lossless compression 231
lossy compression 231
lowercase to uppercase conversion 466
lp command 336
lpq command 341
lpr command 335
lprm command 342
lpstat command 340
ls command......................................................8, 13
long format 16
viewing file attributes 91
Lukyanov, Alexander 205
LVM (Logical Volume Manager)...............178, 181
M
machine language 343
maintenance...............................360, 364, 366, 374 make command 350
Makefile 350
man command 45
man pages.....................................................45, 323
markup languages......................................269, 323 memory....................................................................
assigned to each process 110
displaying free 5
Resident Set Size 112
segmentation violation 120
usage 112
viewing usage 123
virtual 112
menu-driven programs 409
meta key 82
meta sequences 250
metacharacters 250
metadata.....................................................169, 171
mkdir command.............................................28, 34
mkfifo command 501
mkfs command...........................................190, 192
mkisofs command 194
mktemp command 499
mnemonics 344
modal editor 141
monospaced fonts 333
Moolenaar, Bram 139
more command 19
mount command.........................................180, 195
mount points.........................................21, 180, 182
mounting 179
MP3 105
multi-user systems 89
multiple-choice decisions 432
multitasking..........................................89, 109, 499
mv command..................................................30, 36
N
named pipes 501
nano command 138
Nautilus..................................................27, 97, 211
netstat command 202
networking 198
anonymous FTP servers 203
default route 203
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
......................................................................202 encrypted tunnels..........................................210
examine network settings and statistics 202
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 203
firewalls 199
FTP servers 203
Local Area Network 203
loopback interface 202
man in the middle attacks 206
routers 201
secure communication with remote hosts 206
testing if a host is alive 199
tracing the route to a host 200
transferring files 242
transporting files 203
Virtual Private Network 210
newline character 159
newlines 76
NEWS 347
nl command 309
nroff command 322
null character 225
number bases 468
O
octal......................................................94, 468, 484
Ogg Vorbis 105
OLD_PWD variable 128
OpenOffice.org Writer......................................xxp. OpenSSH 206
operators...................................................................
arithmetic................................................70, 468
assignment 470
binary 422
comparison 473
ternary 474
owning files 90
P
package files 169
package maintainers 169
package management 168
deb 168
Debian Style (.deb) 169
finding packages 171
high-level tools 170
installing packages 171
low-level tools 170
package repositories 169
Red Hat Style (.rpm) 169
removing packages 172
RPM 168
updating packages 173
packaging systems 168
page description language..................269, 324, 332 PAGER variable 128
pagers 19
parameter expansion..............................72, 75, 459 parent directory 8
parent process 109
passwd command 107
passwords 107
paste command 284
PATA 185
patch command 291
patches 289
PATH variable............................128, 131, 358, 376
pathname expansion...............................68, 75, 454 pathnames 264
absolute 9
completion 82
relative 9
PDF............................................................325, 335
Perl programming language. 42, 247, 303, 344, 476 permissions 356
PHP programming language 344
ping command 199
pipelines...............................................60, 407, 494
in command substitution 73
portability...........................................349, 382, 396
portable 382
Portable Document Format........................325, 335 Portable Operating System Interface 259
positional parameters......................439, 460p., 463 POSIX.....................................194, 255, 258p., 396
character classes.....26p., 254p., 257, 261, 294,
303
PostScript...........................269, 324, 332, 337, 342
poweroff command 122
pr command...............................................317, 333
primary group ID 90
printable characters 255
printenv command.......................................73, 126
printer buffers 183
printers.......................................................183, 185
buffering output 183
control codes 331
daisy-wheel 331
device names 185
drivers 333
graphical 332
impact 331
laser 332
printf command..........................................318, 458 printing.....................................................................
determining system status 340
history of 330
Internet Printing Protocol 341
monospaced fonts 331
preparing text 333
pretty 337
print queues 340
proportional fonts 332
queue 341
spooling 340
terminate print jobs 342
viewing jobs 341
process ID 110
process substitution 494
processes 109
background 116
child 109
controlling 114
foreground 116
interrupting 115
job control 116
killing 118
nice 111
parent 109
PID 110
process ID 110
SIGINT 497
signals 118
SIGTERM 497
sleeping 111
state 111
stopping 117
viewing.................................................110, 112
zombie 111
production use 425
programmable completion 84
ps command 110
PS1 variable...............................................128, 158
PS2 variable 365
ps2pdf command 325
PS4 variable 429
pseudocode.................................................383, 412
pstree command 123
PuTTY 212
pwd command 8
PWD variable 129
Python programming language 344
Q
quoting 74
double quotes 75
escape character 77
missing quote 420
single quotes 77
R
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
............................................................................178
raster image processor 333
read command....................401, 411, 417, 425, 494 Readline 80
README.....................................................49, 347
reboot command 122
redirection................................................................
blocked pipe 502
group commands and subshells 490
here documents 371
here strings 407
standard error 55
standard input.........................................57, 372
standard output 54
redirection operators................................................
&>...................................................................57
&>>................................................................57
<......................................................................59
<(list) 494
<<..............................................................371p.
<<-................................................................372
<<<...............................................................407
>......................................................................54
>(list) 494
>>...................................................................55
|.......................................................................60
regular expressions...............62, 247, 299, 392, 406 anchors 251
back references.............................267, 298, 300
basic...........................258, 266p., 296, 300, 310 extended 258
relational databases 285
relative pathnames 9
release early, release often 425
removing duplicate lines in a file 61
REPLY variable..........................................401, 494
report generator 363
repositories 169
return command.........................................377, 388 reusable 382
RIP 333
rlogin command 206
rm command 31
Rock Ridge extensions 194
roff 322
ROT13 encoding 294
RPM 168
rpm command 170
rsync command 242
rsync remote-update protocol 242
Ruby programming language 344
S
scalar variables 481
Schilling, Jorg 194
scp command 210
script command 87
scripting languages.......................................42, 344
sdiff command 308
searching a file for patterns 62
searching history 85
Secure Shell 206
sed command.....................................295, 326, 464
set command..............................................126, 428 setgid 99
setuid............................................................99, 387
Seward, Julian 233
sftp command 211
shared libraries.............................................21, 170
shebang......................................................357, 362
shell builtins 42
shell functions..............................42, 126, 376, 443
shell prompts 2, 9, 86, 101, 115, 128, 158, 207, 365 shell scripts 356
SHELL variable 128
shell variables 126
shift command............................................442, 447
shutdown command 122
SIGINT 497
signals 496
single quotes 77
Slackware 168
sleep command 414
soft link 23
sort command...............................................61, 272
sort keys 275
source code..............................168p., 176, 269, 343
source command........................................137, 359
source tree 346
special parameters......................................444, 461
split command 308
SSH 206
ssh command..............................................207, 239
ssh program 89
Stallman, Richard.........xvi, xix, xxi, 133, 259, 345
standard error..............................................53p., 56
disposing of 57
redirecting to a file 55
standard input.......................................53, 372, 401
redirecting 57
standard output 53
appending to a file 55
disposing of 57
redirecting standard error to 56
redirecting to a file 54
startup files 129
stat command 227
sticky bit 99
storage devices 178
audio CDs.............................................182, 194
CD-ROMs.........................................181p., 193
creating file systems 187
device names 184
disk partitions 179
FAT32 187
floppy disks..........................................185, 192
formatting 187
LVM (Logical Volume Manager) 181
mount points.........................................180, 182
partitions 187
reading and writing directly 192
repairing file systems 191
unmounting 183
USB flash drives 193
stream editor 295
strings.......................................................................
expressions 389
extract a portion of 462
length of 462
perform search and replace upon 464
remove leading portion of 463
remove trailing portion of 463
${parameter:offset:length} 462
${parameter:offset} 462
strings command 455
stubs...........................................................379, 426
style 348
su command 100
subshells.....................................................407, 490
sudo command...........................................100, 102
Sun Microsystems 139
superuser..........................................2, 91, 101, 121
symbolic links..........................................23, 34, 38
creating.....................................................38, 41
listing 39
symlink 23
syntax errors 419
syntax highlighting.....................................356, 361
T
tables 285
tabular data.................................................275, 321
tail command 63
tape archive 235
tar command 234
tarballs 346
targets 350
Task Manager 114
Tatham, Simon 212
tbl command...............................................322, 326
tee command 64
Teletype 110
telnet command 206
TERM variable 129
terminal emulators 2
terminal sessions......................................................
controlling terminal 110
effect of .bashrc 359
environment 101
exiting 5
login shell.............................................101, 129
TERM variable 129
using named pipes 502
virtual 5
with remote systems 89
terminals..............................82, 88p., 162, 322, 331 ternary operator 474
test cases 426
test command.....................................386, 391, 422
test coverage 427
testing.........................................................425, 427
TEX 322
text 17
adjusting line length 313
ASCII 18
carriage return 271
comparing 288
converting MS-DOS to Unix 293
counting words 62
cutting 281
deleting duplicate lines 279
deleting multiple blank lines 271
detecting differences 289
displaying common lines 288
displaying control characters 270
DOS format 271
EDITOR variable 128
editors...................................................132, 268
expanding tabs 283
files 17
filtering 61
folding 313
formatting 309
formatting for typesetters 322
formatting tables 326
joining 285
linefeed character 271
lowercase to uppercase conversion 293
numbering lines....................................271, 309 paginating 317
pasting 284
preparing for printing 333
removing duplicate lines 61
rendering in PostScript 324
ROT13 encoded 294
searching for patterns 62
sorting.....................................................61, 272
spell checking 303
substituting 298
substituting tabs for spaces 283
tab-delimited 282
transliterating characters 293
Unix format 271
viewing with less......................................17, 60
text editors..........................................132, 268, 293
emacs 133
for writing shell scripts 356
gedit......................................................133, 356
interactive 293
kate.......................................................133, 356
kedit 133
kwrite 133
line 139
nano......................................................133, 138
pico 133
stream 295
syntax highlighting...............................356, 361 vi 133
vim................................................133, 356, 361
visual 139
tilde expansion...............................................69, 75
tload command 123
top command 112
top-down design 374
Torvalds, Linus............................................xvi, xxi touch command.......................226p., 244, 352, 449 tr command 293
traceroute command 200
tracing 428
transliterating characters 293
traps 496
troff command 322
true command 385
TTY 110
type command 43
typesetters..................................................322, 332
TZ variable 129
U
Ubuntu..................................90, 103, 168, 254, 359
umask command..........................................97, 106
umount command 183
unalias command 51
unary operator expected 422
unary operators 468
unexpand command 283
unexpected token 421
uniq command..............................................61, 279
Unix xvii
Unix System V 335
unix2dos command 271
unset command 487
until compound command 416
until loop 416
unzip command 240
updatedb command 215
upstream providers 169
uptime 375
uptime command 381
USB flash drives........................................178, 193 Usenet 294
USER variable...........................................127, 129 users.........................................................................
accounts 90
changing identity 100
changing passwords 107
effective user ID.....................................99, 110
home directory 91
identity 90
password 91
setting default permissions 97
setuid 99
superuser..................................91, 93, 99p., 108
/etc/passwd 91
/etc/shadow 91
UUID 180
V
validating input 407
variables...............................................73, 366, 459
assigning values....................................369, 470 constants 368
declaring...............................................366, 369
environment 126
global 378
local 378
names....................................................368, 462
scalar 481
shell 126
vfat 190
vi command 138
vim command.............................................267, 361
virtual consoles 5
Virtual Private Network 210
virtual terminals 5
visual editors 139
vmstat command 123
W
wait command 499
wc command 62
web pages 269
wget command 205
What You See Is What You Get 331
whatis command 47
which command.............................................43, 73
while compound command 413
wildcards..................................26, 58, 67, 247, 254
wodim command 195
word-splitting....................................................75p.
world 90
WYSIWYG 331
X
X Window System...................................3, 89, 210
xargs command 224
xload command 123
xlogo command 115
XML 269
Y
yanking text 81
yum command.................................................170p.
Z
zgrep command 267
zip command 240
zless command 50
-
--help option 45
.
./configure 349
.bash_history 85
.bash_login 129
.bash_profile 129
.bashrc................................130, 132, 359, 382, 444
.profile 129
.ssh/known_hosts 208
(
(( )) compound command...........................467, 473
[
[ command 421
[[]] compound command 413
/
/............................................................................20
/bin 20
/boot 20
/boot/grub/grub.conf 20
/boot/vmlinuz 20
/dev 20
/dev/cdrom 185
/dev/dvd 185
/dev/floppy 185
/dev/null 57
/etc 21
/etc/bash.bashrc 130
/etc/crontab 21
/etc/fstab...............................................21, 179, 191
/etc/group 91
/etc/passwd.............................21, 91, 278, 283, 406
/etc/profile..................................................129, 131
/etc/shadow 91
/etc/sudoers 100
/lib 21
/lost+found 21
/media 21
/mnt 21
/opt 21
/proc 22
/root..............................................................22, 101
/sbin 22
/tmp..............................................................22, 499
/usr 22
/usr/bin 22
/usr/lib 22
/usr/local 22
/usr/local/bin........................................22, 353, 360
/usr/local/sbin 360
/usr/sbin 22
/usr/share 22
/usr/share/dict 251
/usr/share/doc.................................................22, 49
/var 23
/var/log 23
/var/log/messages...................................23, 64, 185
/var/log/syslog........................................23, 64, 185
$
$!........................................................................500
$((expression)) 467
${!array[@]} 486
${!array[*]} 486
${!prefix@} 462
${!prefix*} 462
${#parameter} 462
${parameter,,} 466
${parameter,} 466
${parameter:-word} 460
${parameter:?word} 461
${parameter:+word} 461
${parameter:=word} 460
${parameter//pattern/string} 464
${parameter/#pattern/string} 464
${parameter/%pattern/string} 464
${parameter/pattern/string} 464
${parameter##pattern} 463
${parameter#pattern} 463
${parameter%%pattern} 463
${parameter%pattern} 463
${parameter^} 467
${parameter^^} 466
$@..............................................................444, 452
$*.............................................................444p., 452
$#........................................................................440