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3. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network service that enables host computers to be automatically assigned settings from a server as opposed to manually configuring each network host. Computers configured to be DHCP clients have no control over the settings they receive from the DHCP server, and the configuration is transparent to the computer's user.
The most common settings provided by a DHCP server to DHCP clients include:
• IP address and netmask
• IP address of the default-gateway to use
• IP adresses of the DNS servers to use
However, a DHCP server can also supply configuration properties such as:
• Host Name
• Domain Name
• Time Server
• Print Server
The advantage of using DHCP is that changes to the network, for example a change in the address of the DNS server, need only be changed at the DHCP server, and all network hosts will be reconfigured the next time their DHCP clients poll the DHCP server. As an added advantage, it is also easier to integrate new computers into the network, as there is no need to check for the availability of an IP address. Conflicts in IP address allocation are also reduced.
A DHCP server can provide configuration settings using the following methods: Manual allocation (MAC address)
This method entails using DHCP to identify the unique hardware address of each network card connected to the network and then continually supplying a constant configuration each time the DHCP client makes a request to the DHCP server using that network device. This ensures that a particular address is assigned automatically to that network card, based on it's MAC address.
Dynamic allocation (address pool)
In this method, the DHCP server will assign an IP address from a pool of addresses (sometimes also called a range or scope) for a period of time or lease, that is configured on the server or until the client informs the server that it doesn't need the address anymore. This way, the clients will be receiving their configuration properties dynamically and on a "first come, first served" basis. When a DHCP client is no longer on the network for a specified period, the configuration is expired and released back to the address pool for use by other DHCP Clients. This way, an address can be leased or used for a period of time. After this period, the client has to renegociate the lease with the server to maintain use of the address.
Automatic allocation
Using this method, the DHCP automatically assigns an IP address permanently to a device, selecting it from a pool of available addresses. Usually DHCP is used to assign a temporary address to a client, but a DHCP server can allow an infinite lease time.
The last two methods can be considered "automatic" because in each case the DHCP server assigns an address with no extra intervention needed. The only difference between them is in how long the IP address is leased, in other words whether a client's address varies over time. The DHCP server Ubuntu makes available is
dhcpd (dynamic host configuration protocol daemon), which is easy to install and configure and will be automatically started at system boot.