tmux - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

tmux — terminal multiplexer

SYNOPSIS

tmux [-2CluvV] [-c shell-command] [-f file] [-L socket-name] [-S socket-path]
[command [flags]]

DESCRIPTION

tmux is a terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed,
and controlled from a single screen. tmux may be detached from a screen and continue
running in the background, then later reattached.

When tmux is started it creates a new session with a single window and displays it on
screen. A status line at the bottom of the screen shows information on the current session
and is used to enter interactive commands.

A session is a single collection of pseudo terminals under the management of tmux. Each
session has one or more windows linked to it. A window occupies the entire screen and may
be split into rectangular panes, each of which is a separate pseudo terminal (the pty(7)
manual page documents the technical details of pseudo terminals). Any number of tmux
instances may connect to the same session, and any number of windows may be present in the
same session. Once all sessions are killed, tmux exits.

Each session is persistent and will survive accidental disconnection (such as ssh(1)
connection timeout) or intentional detaching (with the ‘C-b d’ key strokes). tmux may be
reattached using:

$ tmux attach

In tmux, a session is displayed on screen by a client and all sessions are managed by a
single server. The server and each client are separate processes which communicate through
a socket in /tmp.

The options are as follows:

-2 Force tmux to assume the terminal supports 256 colours.

-C Start in control mode (see the CONTROL MODE section). Given twice (-CC)
disables echo.

-c shell-command
Execute shell-command using the default shell. If necessary, the tmux server
will be started to retrieve the default-shell option. This option is for
compatibility with sh(1) when tmux is used as a login shell.

-f file Specify an alternative configuration file. By default, tmux loads the system
configuration file from /etc/tmux.conf, if present, then looks for a user
configuration file at ~/.tmux.conf.

The configuration file is a set of tmux commands which are executed in
sequence when the server is first started. tmux loads configuration files
once when the server process has started. The source-file command may be used
to load a file later.

tmux shows any error messages from commands in configuration files in the
first session created, and continues to process the rest of the configuration
file.

-L socket-name
tmux stores the server socket in a directory under TMUX_TMPDIR, TMPDIR if it
is unset, or /tmp if both are unset. The default socket is named default.
This option allows a different socket name to be specified, allowing several
independent tmux servers to be run. Unlike -S a full path is not necessary:
the sockets are all created in the same directory.

If the socket is accidentally removed, the SIGUSR1 signal may be sent to the
tmux server process to recreate it (note that this will fail if any parent
directories are missing).

-l Behave as a login shell. This flag currently has no effect and is for
compatibility with other shells when using tmux as a login shell.

-S socket-path
Specify a full alternative path to the server socket. If -S is specified, the
default socket directory is not used and any -L flag is ignored.

-u tmux attempts to guess if the terminal is likely to support UTF-8 by checking
the first of the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LANG environment variables to be set for
the string "UTF-8". This is not always correct: the -u flag explicitly
informs tmux that UTF-8 is supported.

If the server is started from a client passed -u or where UTF-8 is detected,
the utf8 and status-utf8 options are enabled in the global window and session
options respectively.

-v Request verbose logging. This option may be specified multiple times for
increasing verbosity. Log messages will be saved into tmux-client-PID.log and
tmux-server-PID.log files in the current directory, where PID is the PID of
the server or client process.

-V Report the tmux version.

command [flags]
This specifies one of a set of commands used to control tmux, as described in
the following sections. If no commands are specified, the new-session command
is assumed.

KEY BINDINGS

tmux may be controlled from an attached client by using a key combination of a prefix key,
‘C-b’ (Ctrl-b) by default, followed by a command key.

The default command key bindings are:

C-b Send the prefix key (C-b) through to the application.
C-o Rotate the panes in the current window forwards.
C-z Suspend the tmux client.
! Break the current pane out of the window.
" Split the current pane into two, top and bottom.
# List all paste buffers.
$ Rename the current session.
% Split the current pane into two, left and right.
& Kill the current window.
' Prompt for a window index to select.
( Switch the attached client to the previous session.
) Switch the attached client to the next session.
, Rename the current window.
- Delete the most recently copied buffer of text.
. Prompt for an index to move the current window.
0 to 9 Select windows 0 to 9.
: Enter the tmux command prompt.
; Move to the previously active pane.
= Choose which buffer to paste interactively from a list.
? List all key bindings.
D Choose a client to detach.
L Switch the attached client back to the last session.
[ Enter copy mode to copy text or view the history.
] Paste the most recently copied buffer of text.
c Create a new window.
d Detach the current client.
f Prompt to search for text in open windows.
i Display some information about the current window.
l Move to the previously selected window.
n Change to the next window.
o Select the next pane in the current window.
p Change to the previous window.
q Briefly display pane indexes.
r Force redraw of the attached client.
m Mark the current pane (see select-pane -m).
M Clear the marked pane.
s Select a new session for the attached client interactively.
t Show the time.
w Choose the current window interactively.
x Kill the current pane.
z Toggle zoom state of the current pane.
{ Swap the current pane with the previous pane.
} Swap the current pane with the next pane.
~ Show previous messages from tmux, if any.
Page Up Enter copy mode and scroll one page up.
Up, Down
Left, Right
Change to the pane above, below, to the left, or to the right of the
current pane.
M-1 to M-5 Arrange panes in one of the five preset layouts: even-horizontal, even-
vertical, main-horizontal, main-vertical, or tiled.
Space Arrange the current window in the next preset layout.
M-n Move to the next window with a bell or activity marker.
M-o Rotate the panes in the current window backwards.
M-p Move to the previous window with a bell or activity marker.
C-Up, C-Down
C-Left, C-Right
Resize the current pane in steps of one cell.
M-Up, M-Down
M-Left, M-Right
Resize the current pane in steps of five cells.

Key bindings may be changed with the bind-key and unbind-key commands.

COMMANDS

This section contains a list of the commands supported by tmux. Most commands accept the
optional -t (and sometimes -s) argument with one of target-client, target-session
target-window, or target-pane. These specify the client, session, window or pane which a
command should affect.

target-client is the name of the pty(7) file to which the client is connected, for example
either of /dev/ttyp1 or ttyp1 for the client attached to /dev/ttyp1. If no client is
specified, tmux attempts to work out the client currently in use; if that fails, an error is
reported. Clients may be listed with the list-clients command.

target-session is tried as, in order:

1. A session ID prefixed with a $.

2. An exact name of a session (as listed by the list-sessions command).

3. The start of a session name, for example ‘mysess’ would match a session named
‘mysession’.

4. An fnmatch(3) pattern which is matched against the session name.

If the session name is prefixed with an ‘=’, only an exact match is accepted (so ‘=mysess’
will only match exactly ‘mysess’, not ‘mysession’).

If a single session is found, it is used as the target session; multiple matches produce an
error. If a session is omitted, the current session is used if available; if no current
session is available, the most recently used is chosen.

target-window specifies a window in the form session:window. session follows the same rules
as for target-session, and window is looked for in order as:

1. A special token, listed below.

2. A window index, for example ‘mysession:1’ is window 1 in session ‘mysession’.

3. A window ID, such as @1.

4. An exact window name, such as ‘mysession:mywindow’.

5. The start of a window name, such as ‘mysession:mywin’.

6. As an fnmatch(3) pattern matched against the window name.

Like sessions, a ‘=’ prefix will do an exact match only. An empty window name specifies the
next unused index if appropriate (for example the new-window and link-window commands)
otherwise the current window in session is chosen.

The following special tokens are available to indicate particular windows. Each has a
single-character alternative form.

Token Meaning
{start} ^ The lowest-numbered window
{end} $ The highest-numbered window
{last} ! The last (previously current) window
{next} + The next window by number
{previous} - The previous window by number

target-pane may be a pane ID or takes a similar form to target-window but with the optional
addition of a period followed by a pane index or pane ID, for example:
‘mysession:mywindow.1’. If the pane index is omitted, the currently active pane in the
specified window is used. The following special tokens are available for the pane index:

Token Meaning
{last} ! The last (previously active) pane
{next} + The next pane by number
{previous} - The previous pane by number
{top} The top pane
{bottom} The bottom pane
{left} The leftmost pane
{right} The rightmost pane
{top-left} The top-left pane
{top-right} The top-right pane
{bottom-left} The bottom-left pane
{bottom-right} The bottom-right pane
{up-of} The pane above the active pane
{down-of} The pane below the active pane
{left-of} The pane to the left of the active pane
{right-of} The pane to the right of the active pane

The tokens ‘+’ and ‘-’ may be followed by an offset, for example:

select-window -t:+2

In addition, target-session, target-window or target-pane may consist entirely of the token
‘{mouse}’ (alternative form ‘=’) to specify the most recent mouse event (see the MOUSE
SUPPORT section) or ‘{marked}’ (alternative form ‘~’) to specify the marked pane (see
select-pane -m).

Sessions, window and panes are each numbered with a unique ID; session IDs are prefixed with
a ‘$’, windows with a ‘@’, and panes with a ‘%’. These are unique and are unchanged for the
life of the session, window or pane in the tmux server. The pane ID is passed to the child
process of the pane in the TMUX_PANE environment variable. IDs may be displayed using the
‘session_id’, ‘window_id’, or ‘pane_id’ formats (see the FORMATS section) and the
display-message, list-sessions, list-windows or list-panes commands.

shell-command arguments are sh(1) commands. This may be a single argument passed to the
shell, for example:

new-window 'vi /etc/passwd'

Will run:

/bin/sh -c 'vi /etc/passwd'

Additionally, the new-window, new-session, split-window, respawn-window and respawn-pane
commands allow shell-command to be given as multiple arguments and executed directly
(without ‘sh -c’). This can avoid issues with shell quoting. For example:

$ tmux new-window vi /etc/passwd

Will run vi(1) directly without invoking the shell.

command [arguments] refers to a tmux command, passed with the command and arguments
separately, for example:

bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81

Or if using sh(1):

$ tmux bind-key F1 set-window-option force-width 81

Multiple commands may be specified together as part of a command sequence. Each command
should be separated by spaces and a semicolon; commands are executed sequentially from left
to right and lines ending with a backslash continue on to the next line, except when escaped
by another backslash. A literal semicolon may be included by escaping it with a backslash
(for example, when specifying a command sequence to bind-key).

Example tmux commands include:

refresh-client -t/dev/ttyp2

rename-session -tfirst newname

set-window-option -t:0 monitor-activity on

new-window ; split-window -d

bind-key R source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; \
display-message "source-file done"

Or from sh(1):

$ tmux kill-window -t :1

$ tmux new-window \; split-window -d

$ tmux new-session -d 'vi /etc/passwd' \; split-window -d \; attach

CLIENTS AND SESSIONS

The tmux server manages clients, sessions, windows and panes. Clients are attached to
sessions to interact with them, either when they are created with the new-session command,
or later with the attach-session command. Each session has one or more windows linked into
it. Windows may be linked to multiple sessions and are made up of one or more panes, each
of which contains a pseudo terminal. Commands for creating, linking and otherwise
manipulating windows are covered in the WINDOWS AND PANES section.

The following commands are available to manage clients and sessions:

attach-session [-dEr] [-c working-directory] [-t target-session]
(alias: attach)
If run from outside tmux, create a new client in the current terminal and attach it
to target-session. If used from inside, switch the current client. If -d is
specified, any other clients attached to the session are detached. -r signifies the
client is read-only (only keys bound to the detach-client or switch-client commands
have any effect)

If no server is started, attach-session will attempt to start it; this will fail
unless sessions are created in the configuration file.

The target-session rules for attach-session are slightly adjusted: if tmux needs to
select the most recently used session, it will prefer the most recently used
unattached session.

-c will set the session working directory (used for new windows) to
working-directory.

If -E is used, update-environment option will not be applied.

detach-client [-P] [-a] [-s target-session] [-t target-client]
(alias: detach)
Detach the current client if bound to a key, the client specified with -t, or all
clients currently attached to the session specified by -s. The -a option kills all
but the client given with -t. If -P is given, send SIGHUP to the parent process of
the client, typically causing it to exit.

has-session [-t target-session]
(alias: has)
Report an error and exit with 1 if the specified session does not exist. If it does
exist, exit with 0.

kill-server
Kill the tmux server and clients and destroy all sessions.

kill-session [-a] [-t target-session]
Destroy the given session, closing any windows linked to it and no other sessions,
and detaching all clients attached to it. If -a is given, all sessions but the
specified one is killed.

list-clients [-F format] [-t target-session]
(alias: lsc)
List all clients attached to the server. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the
FORMATS section. If target-session is specified, list only clients connected to
that session.

list-commands
(alias: lscm)
List the syntax of all commands supported by tmux.

list-sessions [-F format]
(alias: ls)
List all sessions managed by the server. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the
FORMATS section.

lock-client [-t target-client]
(alias: lockc)
Lock target-client, see the lock-server command.

lock-session [-t target-session]
(alias: locks)
Lock all clients attached to target-session.

new-session [-AdDEP] [-c start-directory] [-F format] [-n window-name] [-s session-name] [-t
target-session] [-x width] [-y height] [shell-command]
(alias: new)
Create a new session with name session-name.

The new session is attached to the current terminal unless -d is given. window-name
and shell-command are the name of and shell command to execute in the initial
window. If -d is used, -x and -y specify the size of the initial window (80 by 24
if not given).

If run from a terminal, any termios(3) special characters are saved and used for new
windows in the new session.

The -A flag makes new-session behave like attach-session if session-name already
exists; in this case, -D behaves like -d to attach-session.

If -t is given, the new session is grouped with target-session. This means they
share the same set of windows - all windows from target-session are linked to the
new session and any subsequent new windows or windows being closed are applied to
both sessions. The current and previous window and any session options remain
independent and either session may be killed without affecting the other. Giving -n
or shell-command are invalid if -t is used.

The -P option prints information about the new session after it has been created.
By default, it uses the format ‘#{session_name}:’ but a different format may be
specified with -F.

If -E is used, update-environment option will not be applied. update-environment.

refresh-client [-S] [-t target-client]
(alias: refresh)
Refresh the current client if bound to a key, or a single client if one is given
with -t. If -S is specified, only update the client's status bar.

rename-session [-t target-session] new-name
(alias: rename)
Rename the session to new-name.

show-messages [-IJT] [-t target-client]
(alias: showmsgs)
Show client messages or server information. Any messages displayed on the status
line are saved in a per-client message log, up to a maximum of the limit set by the
message-limit server option. With -t, display the log for target-client. -I, -J
and -T show debugging information about the running server, jobs and terminals.

source-file path
(alias: source)
Execute commands from path.

start-server
(alias: start)
Start the tmux server, if not already running, without creating any sessions.

suspend-client [-t target-client]
(alias: suspendc)
Suspend a client by sending SIGTSTP (tty stop).

switch-client [-Elnpr] [-c target-client] [-t target-session] [-T key-table]
(alias: switchc)
Switch the current session for client target-client to target-session. If -l, -n or
-p is used, the client is moved to the last, next or previous session respectively.
-r toggles whether a client is read-only (see the attach-session command).

If -E is used, update-environment option will not be applied.

-T sets the client's key table; the next key from the client will be interpreted
from key-table. This may be used to configure multiple prefix keys, or to bind
commands to sequences of keys. For example, to make typing ‘abc’ run the list-keys
command:

bind-key -Ttable2 c list-keys
bind-key -Ttable1 b switch-client -Ttable2
bind-key -Troot a switch-client -Ttable1

WINDOWS AND PANES

A tmux window may be in one of several modes. The default permits direct access to the
terminal attached to the window. The other is copy mode, which permits a section of a
window or its history to be copied to a paste buffer for later insertion into another
window. This mode is entered with the copy-mode command, bound to ‘[’ by default. It is
also entered when a command that produces output, such as list-keys, is executed from a key
binding.

The keys available depend on whether emacs or vi mode is selected (see the mode-keys
option). The following keys are supported as appropriate for the mode:

Function vi emacs
Append selection A
Back to indentation ^ M-m
Bottom of history G M-<
Clear selection Escape C-g
Copy selection Enter M-w
Copy to named buffer "
Cursor down j Down
Cursor left h Left
Cursor right l Right
Cursor to bottom line L
Cursor to middle line M M-r
Cursor to top line H M-R
Cursor up k Up
Delete entire line d C-u
Delete/Copy to end of line D C-k
End of line $ C-e
Go to line : g
Half page down C-d M-Down
Half page up C-u M-Up
Jump again ; ;
Jump again in reverse , ,
Jump backward F F
Jump forward f f
Jump to backward T
Jump to forward t
Next page C-f Page down
Next space W
Next space, end of word E
Next word w
Next word end e M-f
Other end of selection o
Paste buffer p C-y
Previous page C-b Page up
Previous space B
Previous word b M-b
Quit mode q Escape
Rectangle toggle v R
Scroll down C-Down or C-e C-Down
Scroll up C-Up or C-y C-Up
Search again n n
Search again in reverse N N
Search backward ? C-r
Search forward / C-s
Select line V
Start of line 0 C-a
Start selection Space C-Space
Top of history g M->
Transpose characters C-t

The next and previous word keys use space and the ‘-’, ‘_’ and ‘@’ characters as word
delimiters by default, but this can be adjusted by setting the word-separators session
option. Next word moves to the start of the next word, next word end to the end of the next
word and previous word to the start of the previous word. The three next and previous space
keys work similarly but use a space alone as the word separator.

The jump commands enable quick movement within a line. For instance, typing ‘f’ followed by
‘/’ will move the cursor to the next ‘/’ character on the current line. A ‘;’ will then
jump to the next occurrence.

Commands in copy mode may be prefaced by an optional repeat count. With vi key bindings, a
prefix is entered using the number keys; with emacs, the Alt (meta) key and a number begins
prefix entry. For example, to move the cursor forward by ten words, use ‘M-1 0 M-f’ in
emacs mode, and ‘10w’ in vi.

Mode key bindings are defined in a set of named tables: vi-edit and emacs-edit for keys used
when line editing at the command prompt; vi-choice and emacs-choice for keys used when
choosing from lists (such as produced by the choose-window command); and vi-copy and
emacs-copy used in copy mode. The tables may be viewed with the list-keys command and keys
modified or removed with bind-key and unbind-key. If append-selection, copy-selection, or
start-named-buffer are given the -x flag, tmux will not exit copy mode after copying.
copy-pipe copies the selection and pipes it to a command. For example the following will
bind ‘C-w’ not to exit after copying and ‘C-q’ to copy the selection into /tmp as well as
the paste buffer:

bind-key -temacs-copy C-w copy-selection -x
bind-key -temacs-copy C-q copy-pipe "cat >/tmp/out"

The paste buffer key pastes the first line from the top paste buffer on the stack.

The synopsis for the copy-mode command is:

copy-mode [-Meu] [-t target-pane]
Enter copy mode. The -u option scrolls one page up. -M begins a mouse drag (only
valid if bound to a mouse key binding, see MOUSE SUPPORT). -e specifies that
scrolling to the bottom of the history (to the visible screen) should exit copy
mode. While in copy mode, pressing a key other than those used for scrolling will
disable this behaviour. This is intended to allow fast scrolling through a pane's
history, for example with:

bind PageUp copy-mode -eu

Each window displayed by tmux may be split into one or more panes; each pane takes up a
certain area of the display and is a separate terminal. A window may be split into panes
using the split-window command. Windows may be split horizontally (with the -h flag) or
vertically. Panes may be resized with the resize-pane command (bound to ‘C-up’, ‘C-down’
‘C-left’ and ‘C-right’ by default), the current pane may be changed with the select-pane
command and the rotate-window and swap-pane commands may be used to swap panes without
changing their position. Panes are numbered beginning from zero in the order they are
created.

A number of preset layouts are available. These may be selected with the select-layout
command or cycled with next-layout (bound to ‘Space’ by default); once a layout is chosen,
panes within it may be moved and resized as normal.

The following layouts are supported:

even-horizontal
Panes are spread out evenly from left to right across the window.

even-vertical
Panes are spread evenly from top to bottom.

main-horizontal
A large (main) pane is shown at the top of the window and the remaining panes are
spread from left to right in the leftover space at the bottom. Use the
main-pane-height window option to specify the height of the top pane.

main-vertical
Similar to main-horizontal but the large pane is placed on the left and the others
spread from top to bottom along the right. See the main-pane-width window option.

tiled Panes are spread out as evenly as possible over the window in both rows and columns.

In addition, select-layout may be used to apply a previously used layout - the list-windows
command displays the layout of each window in a form suitable for use with select-layout.
For example:

$ tmux list-windows
0: ksh [159x48]
layout: bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}
$ tmux select-layout bb62,159x48,0,0{79x48,0,0,79x48,80,0}

tmux automatically adjusts the size of the layout for the current window size. Note that a
layout cannot be applied to a window with more panes than that from which the layout was
originally defined.

Commands related to windows and panes are as follows:

break-pane [-dP] [-F format] [-s src-pane] [-t dst-pane]
(alias: breakp)
Break src-pane off from its containing window to make it the only pane in
dst-window. If -d is given, the new window does not become the current window. The
-P option prints information about the new window after it has been created. By
default, it uses the format ‘#{session_name}:#{window_index}’ but a different format
may be specified with -F.

capture-pane [-aepPq] [-b buffer-name] [-E end-line] [-S start-line] [-t target-pane]
(alias: capturep)
Capture the contents of a pane. If -p is given, the output goes to stdout,
otherwise to the buffer specified with -b or a new buffer if omitted. If -a is
given, the alternate screen is used, and the history is not accessible. If no
alternate screen exists, an error will be returned unless -q is given. If -e is
given, the output includes escape sequences for text and background attributes. -C
also escapes non-printable characters as octal \xxx. -J joins wrapped lines and
preserves trailing spaces at each line's end. -P captures only any output that the
pane has received that is the beginning of an as-yet incomplete escape sequence.

-S and -E specify the starting and ending line numbers, zero is the first line of
the visible pane and negative numbers are lines in the history. ‘-’ to -S is the
start of the history and to -E the end of the visible pane. The default is to
capture only the visible contents of the pane.

choose-client [-F format] [-t target-window] [template]
Put a window into client choice mode, allowing a client to be selected interactively
from a list. After a client is chosen, ‘%%’ is replaced by the client pty(7) path
in template and the result executed as a command. If template is not given,
"detach-client -t '%%'" is used. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the FORMATS
section. This command works only if at least one client is attached.

choose-session [-F format] [-t target-window] [template]
Put a window into session choice mode, where a session may be selected interactively
from a list. When one is chosen, ‘%%’ is replaced by the session name in template
and the result executed as a command. If template is not given, "switch-client -t
'%%'" is used. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the FORMATS section. This
command works only if at least one client is attached.

choose-tree [-suw] [-b session-template] [-c window-template] [-S format] [-W format] [-t
target-window]
Put a window into tree choice mode, where either sessions or windows may be selected
interactively from a list. By default, windows belonging to a session are indented
to show their relationship to a session.

Note that the choose-window and choose-session commands are wrappers around
choose-tree.

If -s is given, will show sessions. If -w is given, will show windows.

By default, the tree is collapsed and sessions must be expanded to windows with the
right arrow key. The -u option will start with all sessions expanded instead.

If -b is given, will override the default session command. Note that ‘%%’ can be
used and will be replaced with the session name. The default option if not
specified is "switch-client -t '%%'". If -c is given, will override the default
window command. Like -b, ‘%%’ can be used and will be replaced with the session
name and window index. When a window is chosen from the list, the session command
is run before the window command.

If -S is given will display the specified format instead of the default session
format. If -W is given will display the specified format instead of the default
window format. For the meaning of the -s and -w options, see the FORMATS section.

This command works only if at least one client is attached.

choose-window [-F format] [-t target-window] [template]
Put a window into window choice mode, where a window may be chosen interactively
from a list. After a window is selected, ‘%%’ is replaced by the session name and
window index in template and the result executed as a command. If template is not
given, "select-window -t '%%'" is used. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the
FORMATS section. This command works only if at least one client is attached.

display-panes [-t target-client]
(alias: displayp)
Display a visible indicator of each pane shown by target-client. See the
display-panes-time, display-panes-colour, and display-panes-active-colour session
options. While the indicator is on screen, a pane may be selected with the ‘0’ to
‘9’ keys.

find-window [-CNT] [-F format] [-t target-window] match-string
(alias: findw)
Search for the fnmatch(3) pattern match-string in window names, titles, and visible
content (but not history). The flags control matching behavior: -C matches only
visible window contents, -N matches only the window name and -T matches only the
window title. The default is -CNT. If only one window is matched, it'll be
automatically selected, otherwise a choice list is shown. For the meaning of the -F
flag, see the FORMATS section. This command works only if at least one client is
attached.

join-pane [-bdhv] [-l size | -p percentage] [-s src-pane] [-t dst-pane]
(alias: joinp)
Like split-window, but instead of splitting dst-pane and creating a new pane, split
it and move src-pane into the space. This can be used to reverse break-pane. The
-b option causes src-pane to be joined to left of or above dst-pane.

If -s is omitted and a marked pane is present (see select-pane -m), the marked pane
is used rather than the current pane.

kill-pane [-a] [-t target-pane]
(alias: killp)
Destroy the given pane. If no panes remain in the containing window, it is also
destroyed. The -a option kills all but the pane given with -t.

kill-window [-a] [-t target-window]
(alias: killw)
Kill the current window or the window at target-window, removing it from any
sessions to which it is linked. The -a option kills all but the window given with
-t.

last-pane [-de] [-t target-window]
(alias: lastp)
Select the last (previously selected) pane. -e enables or -d disables input to the
pane.

last-window [-t target-session]
(alias: last)
Select the last (previously selected) window. If no target-session is specified,
select the last window of the current session.

link-window [-adk] [-s src-window] [-t dst-window]
(alias: linkw)
Link the window at src-window to the specified dst-window. If dst-window is
specified and no such window exists, the src-window is linked there. With -a, the
window is moved to the next index up (following windows are moved if necessary). If
-k is given and dst-window exists, it is killed, otherwise an error is generated.
If -d is given, the newly linked window is not selected.

list-panes [-as] [-F format] [-t target]
(alias: lsp)
If -a is given, target is ignored and all panes on the server are listed. If -s is
given, target is a session (or the current session). If neither is given, target is
a window (or the current window). For the meaning of the -F flag, see the FORMATS
section.

list-windows [-a] [-F format] [-t target-session]
(alias: lsw)
If -a is given, list all windows on the server. Otherwise, list windows in the
current session or in target-session. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the
FORMATS section.

move-pane [-bdhv] [-l size | -p percentage] [-s src-pane] [-t dst-pane]
(alias: movep)
Like join-pane, but src-pane and dst-pane may belong to the same window.

move-window [-ardk] [-s src-window] [-t dst-window]
(alias: movew)
This is similar to link-window, except the window at src-window is moved to
dst-window. With -r, all windows in the session are renumbered in sequential order,
respecting the base-index option.

new-window [-adkP] [-c start-directory] [-F format] [-n window-name] [-t target-window]
[shell-command]
(alias: neww)
Create a new window. With -a, the new window is inserted at the next index up from
the specified target-window, moving windows up if necessary, otherwise target-window
is the new window location.

If -d is given, the session does not make the new window the current window.
target-window represents the window to be created; if the target already exists an
error is shown, unless the -k flag is used, in which case it is destroyed.
shell-command is the command to execute. If shell-command is not specified, the
value of the default-command option is used. -c specifies the working directory in
which the new window is created.

When the shell command completes, the window closes. See the remain-on-exit option
to change this behaviour.

The TERM environment variable must be set to “screen” for all programs running
inside tmux. New windows will automatically have “TERM=screen” added to their
environment, but care must be taken not to reset this in shell start-up files.

The -P option prints information about the new window after it has been created. By
default, it uses the format ‘#{session_name}:#{window_index}’ but a different format
may be specified with -F.

next-layout [-t target-window]
(alias: nextl)
Move a window to the next layout and rearrange the panes to fit.

next-window [-a] [-t target-session]
(alias: next)
Move to the next window in the session. If -a is used, move to the next window with
an alert.

pipe-pane [-o] [-t target-pane] [shell-command]
(alias: pipep)
Pipe any output sent by the program in target-pane to a shell command. A pane may
only be piped to one command at a time, any existing pipe is closed before
shell-command is executed. The shell-command string may contain the special
character sequences supported by the status-left option. If no shell-command is
given, the current pipe (if any) is closed.

The -o option only opens a new pipe if no previous pipe exists, allowing a pipe to
be toggled with a single key, for example:

bind-key C-p pipe-pane -o 'cat >>~/output.#I-#P'

previous-layout [-t target-window]
(alias: prevl)
Move to the previous layout in the session.

previous-window [-a] [-t target-session]
(alias: prev)
Move to the previous window in the session. With -a, move to the previous window
with an alert.

rename-window [-t target-window] new-name
(alias: renamew)
Rename the current window, or the window at target-window if specified, to new-name.

resize-pane [-DLMRUZ] [-t target-pane] [-x width] [-y height] [adjustment]
(alias: resizep)
Resize a pane, up, down, left or right by adjustment with -U, -D, -L or -R, or to an
absolute size with -x or -y. The adjustment is given in lines or cells (the default
is 1).

With -Z, the active pane is toggled between zoomed (occupying the whole of the
window) and unzoomed (its normal position in the layout).

-M begins mouse resizing (only valid if bound to a mouse key binding, see MOUSE
SUPPORT).

respawn-pane [-k] [-t target-pane] [shell-command]
(alias: respawnp)
Reactivate a pane in which the command has exited (see the remain-on-exit window
option). If shell-command is not given, the command used when the pane was created
is executed. The pane must be already inactive, unless -k is given, in which case
any existing command is killed.

respawn-window [-k] [-t target-window] [shell-command]
(alias: respawnw)
Reactivate a window in which the command has exited (see the remain-on-exit window
option). If shell-command is not given, the command used when the window was
created is executed. The window must be already inactive, unless -k is given, in
which case any existing command is killed.

rotate-window [-DU] [-t target-window]
(alias: rotatew)
Rotate the positions of the panes within a window, either upward (numerically lower)
with -U or downward (numerically higher).

select-layout [-nop] [-t target-window] [layout-name]
(alias: selectl)
Choose a specific layout for a window. If layout-name is not given, the last preset
layout used (if any) is reapplied. -n and -p are equivalent to the next-layout and
previous-layout commands. -o applies the last set layout if possible (undoes the
most recent layout change).

select-pane [-DdegLlMmRU] [-P style] [-t target-pane]
(alias: selectp)
Make pane target-pane the active pane in window target-window, or set its style
(with -P). If one of -D, -L, -R, or -U is used, respectively the pane below, to the
left, to the right, or above the target pane is used. -l is the same as using the
last-pane command. -e enables or -d disables input to the pane.

-m and -M are used to set and clear the marked pane. There is one marked pane at a
time, setting a new marked pane clears the last. The marked pane is the default
target for -s to join-pane, swap-pane and swap-window.

Each pane has a style: by default the window-style and window-active-style options
are used, select-pane -P sets the style for a single pane. For example, to set the
pane 1 background to red:

select-pane -t:.1 -P 'bg=red'

-g shows the current pane style.

select-window [-lnpT] [-t target-window]
(alias: selectw)
Select the window at target-window. -l, -n and -p are equivalent to the
last-window, next-window and previous-window commands. If -T is given and the
selected window is already the current window, the command behaves like last-window.

split-window [-bdhvP] [-c start-directory] [-l size | -p percentage] [-t target-pane]
[shell-command] [-F format]
(alias: splitw)
Create a new pane by splitting target-pane: -h does a horizontal split and -v a
vertical split; if neither is specified, -v is assumed. The -l and -p options
specify the size of the new pane in lines (for vertical split) or in cells (for
horizontal split), or as a percentage, respectively. The -b option causes the new
pane to be created to the left of or above target-pane. All other options have the
same meaning as for the new-window command.

swap-pane [-dDU] [-s src-pane] [-t dst-pane]
(alias: swapp)
Swap two panes. If -U is used and no source pane is specified with -s, dst-pane is
swapped with the previous pane (before it numerically); -D swaps with the next pane
(after it numerically). -d instructs tmux not to change the active pane.

If -s is omitted and a marked pane is present (see select-pane -m), the marked pane
is used rather than the current pane.

swap-window [-d] [-s src-window] [-t dst-window]
(alias: swapw)
This is similar to link-window, except the source and destination windows are
swapped. It is an error if no window exists at src-window.

Like swap-pane, if -s is omitted and a marked pane is present (see select-pane -m),
the window containing the marked pane is used rather than the current window.

unlink-window [-k] [-t target-window]
(alias: unlinkw)
Unlink target-window. Unless -k is given, a window may be unlinked only if it is
linked to multiple sessions - windows may not be linked to no sessions; if -k is
specified and the window is linked to only one session, it is unlinked and
destroyed.

KEY BINDINGS

tmux allows a command to be bound to most keys, with or without a prefix key. When
specifying keys, most represent themselves (for example ‘A’ to ‘Z’). Ctrl keys may be
prefixed with ‘C-’ or ‘^’, and Alt (meta) with ‘M-’. In addition, the following special key
names are accepted: Up, Down, Left, Right, BSpace, BTab, DC (Delete), End, Enter, Escape, F1
to F12, Home, IC (Insert), NPage/PageDown/PgDn, PPage/PageUp/PgUp, Space, and Tab. Note
that to bind the ‘"’ or ‘'’ keys, quotation marks are necessary, for example:

bind-key '"' split-window
bind-key "'" new-window

Commands related to key bindings are as follows:

bind-key [-cnr] [-t mode-table] [-T key-table] key command [arguments]
(alias: bind)
Bind key key to command. Keys are bound in a key table. By default (without -T),
the key is bound in the prefix key table. This table is used for keys pressed after
the prefix key (for example, by default ‘c’ is bound to new-window in the prefix
table, so ‘C-b c’ creates a new window). The root table is used for keys pressed
without the prefix key: binding ‘c’ to new-window in the root table (not
recommended) means a plain ‘c’ will create a new window. -n is an alias for -T
root. Keys may also be bound in custom key tables and the switch-client -T command
used to switch to them from a key binding. The -r flag indicates this key may
repeat, see the repeat-time option.

If -t is present, key is bound in mode-table: the binding for command mode with -c
or for normal mode without. See the WINDOWS AND PANES section and the list-keys
command for information on mode key bindings.

To view the default bindings and possible commands, see the list-keys command.

list-keys [-t mode-table] [-T key-table]
(alias: lsk)
List all key bindings. Without -T all key tables are printed. With -T only
key-table.

With -t, the key bindings in mode-table are listed; this may be one of: vi-edit,
emacs-edit, vi-choice, emacs-choice, vi-copy or emacs-copy.

send-keys [-lMR] [-t target-pane] key ...
(alias: send)
Send a key or keys to a window. Each argument key is the name of the key (such as
‘C-a’ or ‘npage’ ) to send; if the string is not recognised as a key, it is sent as
a series of characters. The -l flag disables key name lookup and sends the keys
literally. All arguments are sent sequentially from first to last. The -R flag
causes the terminal state to be reset.

-M passes through a mouse event (only valid if bound to a mouse key binding, see
MOUSE SUPPORT).

send-prefix [-2] [-t target-pane]
Send the prefix key, or with -2 the secondary prefix key, to a window as if it was
pressed.

unbind-key [-acn] [-t mode-table] [-T key-table] key
(alias: unbind)
Unbind the command bound to key. -c, -n, -T and -t are the same as for bind-key.
If -a is present, all key bindings are removed.

OPTIONS

The appearance and behaviour of tmux may be modified by changing the value of various
options. There are three types of option: server options, session options and window
options.

The tmux server has a set of global options which do not apply to any particular window or
session. These are altered with the set-option -s command, or displayed with the
show-options -s command.

In addition, each individual session may have a set of session options, and there is a
separate set of global session options. Sessions which do not have a particular option
configured inherit the value from the global session options. Session options are set or
unset with the set-option command and may be listed with the show-options command. The
available server and session options are listed under the set-option command.

Similarly, a set of window options is attached to each window, and there is a set of global
window options from which any unset options are inherited. Window options are altered with
the set-window-option command and can be listed with the show-window-options command. All
window options are documented with the set-window-option command.

tmux also supports user options which are prefixed with a ‘@’. User options may have any
name, so long as they are prefixed with ‘@’, and be set to any string. For example:

$ tmux setw -q @foo "abc123"
$ tmux showw -v @foo
abc123

Commands which set options are as follows:

set-option [-agoqsuw] [-t target-session | target-window] option value
(alias: set)
Set a window option with -w (equivalent to the set-window-option command), a server
option with -s, otherwise a session option. If -g is given, the global session or
window option is set. The -u flag unsets an option, so a session inherits the
option from the global options (or with -g, restores a global option to the
default).

The -o flag prevents setting an option that is already set and the -q flag
suppresses errors about unknown or ambiguous options.

With -a, and if the option expects a string or a style, value is appended to the
existing setting. For example:

set -g status-left "foo"
set -ag status-left "bar"

Will result in ‘foobar’. And:

set -g status-style "bg=red"
set -ag status-style "fg=blue"

Will result in a red background and blue foreground. Without -a, the result would
be the default background and a blue foreground.

Available window options are listed under set-window-option.

value depends on the option and may be a number, a string, or a flag (on, off, or
omitted to toggle).

Available server options are:

buffer-limit number
Set the number of buffers; as new buffers are added to the top of the stack,
old ones are removed from the bottom if necessary to maintain this maximum
length.

default-terminal terminal
Set the default terminal for new windows created in this session - the
default value of the TERM environment variable. For tmux to work correctly,
this must be set to ‘screen’, ‘tmux’ or a derivative of them.

escape-time time
Set the time in milliseconds for which tmux waits after an escape is input
to determine if it is part of a function or meta key sequences. The default
is 500 milliseconds.

exit-unattached [on | off]
If enabled, the server will exit when there are no attached clients.

focus-events [on | off]
When enabled, focus events are requested from the terminal if supported and
passed through to applications running in tmux. Attached clients should be
detached and attached again after changing this option.

history-file path
If not empty, a file to which tmux will write command prompt history on exit
and load it from on start.

message-limit number
Set the number of error or information messages to save in the message log
for each client. The default is 100.

set-clipboard [on | off]
Attempt to set the terminal clipboard content using the \e]52;...\007
xterm(1) escape sequences. This option is on by default if there is an Ms
entry in the terminfo(5) description for the client terminal. Note that
this feature needs to be enabled in xterm(1) by setting the resource:

disallowedWindowOps: 20,21,SetXprop

Or changing this property from the xterm(1) interactive menu when required.

terminal-overrides string
Contains a list of entries which override terminal descriptions read using
terminfo(5). string is a comma-separated list of items each a colon-
separated string made up of a terminal type pattern (matched using
fnmatch(3)) and a set of name=value entries.

For example, to set the ‘clear’ terminfo(5) entry to ‘\e[H\e[2J’ for all
terminal types and the ‘dch1’ entry to ‘\e[P’ for the ‘rxvt’ terminal type,
the option could be set to the string:

"*:clear=\e[H\e[2J,rxvt:dch1=\e[P"

The terminal entry value is passed through strunvis(3) before
interpretation. The default value forcibly corrects the ‘colors’ entry for
terminals which support 256 colours:

"*256col*:colors=256,xterm*:XT"

Available session options are:

assume-paste-time milliseconds
If keys are entered faster than one in milliseconds, they are assumed to
have been pasted rather than typed and tmux key bindings are not processed.
The default is one millisecond and zero disables.

base-index index
Set the base index from which an unused index should be searched when a new
window is created. The default is zero.

bell-action [any | none | current | other]
Set action on window bell. any means a bell in any window linked to a
session causes a bell in the current window of that session, none means all
bells are ignored, current means only bells in windows other than the
current window are ignored and other means bells in the current window are
ignored but not those in other windows.

bell-on-alert [on | off]
If on, ring the terminal bell when an alert occurs.

default-command shell-command
Set the command used for new windows (if not specified when the window is
created) to shell-command, which may be any sh(1) command. The default is
an empty string, which instructs tmux to create a login shell using the
value of the default-shell option.

default-shell path
Specify the default shell. This is used as the login shell for new windows
when the default-command option is set to empty, and must be the full path
of the executable. When started tmux tries to set a default value from the
first suitable of the SHELL environment variable, the shell returned by
getpwuid(3), or /bin/sh. This option should be configured when tmux is used
as a login shell.

destroy-unattached [on | off]
If enabled and the session is no longer attached to any clients, it is
destroyed.

detach-on-destroy [on | off]
If on (the default), the client is detached when the session it is attached
to is destroyed. If off, the client is switched to the most recently active
of the remaining sessions.

display-panes-active-colour colour
Set the colour used by the display-panes command to show the indicator for
the active pane.

display-panes-colour colour
Set the colour used by the display-panes command to show the indicators for
inactive panes.

display-panes-time time
Set the time in milliseconds for which the indicators shown by the
display-panes command appear.

display-time time
Set the amount of time for which status line messages and other on-screen
indicators are displayed. time is in milliseconds.

history-limit lines
Set the maximum number of lines held in window history. This setting
applies only to new windows - existing window histories are not resized and
retain the limit at the point they were created.

lock-after-time number
Lock the session (like the lock-session command) after number seconds of
inactivity. The default is not to lock (set to 0).

lock-command shell-command
Command to run when locking each client. The default is to run lock(1) with
-np.

message-command-style style
Set status line message command style, where style is a comma-separated list
of characteristics to be specified.

These may be ‘bg=colour’ to set the background colour, ‘fg=colour’ to set
the foreground colour, and a list of attributes as specified below.

The colour is one of: black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white,
aixterm bright variants (if supported: brightred, brightgreen, and so on),
colour0 to colour255 from the 256-colour set, default, or a hexadecimal RGB
string such as ‘#ffffff’, which chooses the closest match from the default
256-colour set.

The attributes is either none or a comma-delimited list of one or more of:
bright (or bold), dim, underscore, blink, reverse, hidden, or italics, to
turn an attribute on, or an attribute prefixed with ‘no’ to turn one off.

Examples are:

fg=yellow,bold,underscore,blink
bg=black,fg=default,noreverse

With the -a flag to the set-option command the new style is added otherwise
the existing style is replaced.

message-style style
Set status line message style. For how to specify style, see the
message-command-style option.

mouse [on | off]
If on, tmux captures the mouse and allows mouse events to be bound as key
bindings. See the MOUSE SUPPORT section for details.

mouse-utf8 [on | off]
If enabled, request mouse input as UTF-8 on UTF-8 terminals.

prefix key
Set the key accepted as a prefix key.

prefix2 key
Set a secondary key accepted as a prefix key.

renumber-windows [on | off]
If on, when a window is closed in a session, automatically renumber the
other windows in numerical order. This respects the base-index option if it
has been set. If off, do not renumber the windows.

repeat-time time
Allow multiple commands to be entered without pressing the prefix-key again
in the specified time milliseconds (the default is 500). Whether a key
repeats may be set when it is bound using the -r flag to bind-key. Repeat
is enabled for the default keys bound to the resize-pane command.

set-remain-on-exit [on | off]
Set the remain-on-exit window option for any windows first created in this
session. When this option is true, windows in which the running program has
exited do not close, instead remaining open but inactivate. Use the
respawn-window command to reactivate such a window, or the kill-window
command to destroy it.

set-titles [on | off]
Attempt to set the client terminal title using the tsl and fsl terminfo(5)
entries if they exist. tmux automatically sets these to the \e]0;...\007
sequence if the terminal appears to be xterm(1). This option is off by
default.

set-titles-string string
String used to set the window title if set-titles is on. Formats are
expanded, see the FORMATS section.

status [on | off]
Show or hide the status line.

status-interval interval
Update the status bar every interval seconds. By default, updates will
occur every 15 seconds. A setting of zero disables redrawing at interval.

status-justify [left | centre | right]
Set the position of the window list component of the status line: left,
centre or right justified.

status-keys [vi | emacs]
Use vi or emacs-style key bindings in the status line, for example at the
command prompt. The default is emacs, unless the VISUAL or EDITOR
environment variables are set and contain the string ‘vi’.

status-left string
Display string (by default the session name) to the left of the status bar.
string will be passed through strftime(3) and formats (see FORMATS) will be
expanded. It may also contain any of the following special character
sequences:

Character pair Replaced with
#[attributes] Colour or attribute change
## A literal ‘#’

For details on how the names and titles can be set see the NAMES AND TITLES
section. For a list of allowed attributes see the message-command-style
option.

Examples are:

#(sysctl vm.loadavg)
#[fg=yellow,bold]#(apm -l)%%#[default] [#S]

By default, UTF-8 in string is not interpreted, to enable UTF-8, use the
status-utf8 option.

The default is ‘[#S] ’.

status-left-length length
Set the maximum length of the left component of the status bar. The default
is 10.

status-left-style style
Set the style of the left part of the status line. For how to specify
style, see the message-command-style option.

status-position [top | bottom]
Set the position of the status line.

status-right string
Display string to the right of the status bar. By default, the current
window title in double quotes, the date and the time are shown. As with
status-left, string will be passed to strftime(3), character pairs are
replaced, and UTF-8 is dependent on the status-utf8 option.

status-right-length length
Set the maximum length of the right component of the status bar. The
default is 40.

status-right-style style
Set the style of the right part of the status line. For how to specify
style, see the message-command-style option.

status-style style
Set status line style. For how to specify style, see the
message-command-style option.

status-utf8 [on | off]
Instruct tmux to treat top-bit-set characters in the status-left and
status-right strings as UTF-8; notably, this is important for wide
characters. This option defaults to off.

update-environment variables
Set a space-separated string containing a list of environment variables to
be copied into the session environment when a new session is created or an
existing session is attached. Any variables that do not exist in the source
environment are set to be removed from the session environment (as if -r was
given to the set-environment command). The default is "DISPLAY SSH_ASKPASS
SSH_AUTH_SOCK SSH_AGENT_PID SSH_CONNECTION WINDOWID XAUTHORITY".

visual-activity [on | off]
If on, display a status line message when activity occurs in a window for
which the monitor-activity window option is enabled.

visual-bell [on | off]
If this option is on, a message is shown on a bell instead of it being
passed through to the terminal (which normally makes a sound). Also see the
bell-action option.

visual-silence [on | off]
If monitor-silence is enabled, prints a message after the interval has
expired on a given window.

word-separators string
Sets the session's conception of what characters are considered word
separators, for the purposes of the next and previous word commands in copy
mode. The default is ‘ -_@’.

set-window-option [-agoqu] [-t target-window] option value
(alias: setw)
Set a window option. The -a, -g, -o, -q and -u flags work similarly to the
set-option command.

Supported window options are:

aggressive-resize [on | off]
Aggressively resize the chosen window. This means that tmux will resize the
window to the size of the smallest session for which it is the current
window, rather than the smallest session to which it is attached. The
window may resize when the current window is changed on another sessions;
this option is good for full-screen programs which support SIGWINCH and poor
for interactive programs such as shells.

allow-rename [on | off]
Allow programs to change the window name using a terminal escape sequence
(\033k...\033\\). The default is on.

alternate-screen [on | off]
This option configures whether programs running inside tmux may use the
terminal alternate screen feature, which allows the smcup and rmcup
terminfo(5) capabilities. The alternate screen feature preserves the
contents of the window when an interactive application starts and restores
it on exit, so that any output visible before the application starts
reappears unchanged after it exits. The default is on.

automatic-rename [on | off]
Control automatic window renaming. When this setting is enabled, tmux will
rename the window automatically using the format specified by
automatic-rename-format. This flag is automatically disabled for an
individual window when a name is specified at creation with new-window or
new-session, or later with rename-window, or with a terminal escape
sequence. It may be switched off globally with:

set-window-option -g automatic-rename off

automatic-rename-format format
The format (see FORMATS) used when the automatic-rename option is enabled.

clock-mode-colour colour
Set clock colour.

clock-mode-style [12 | 24]
Set clock hour format.

force-height height
force-width width
Prevent tmux from resizing a window to greater than width or height. A
value of zero restores the default unlimited setting.

main-pane-height height
main-pane-width width
Set the width or height of the main (left or top) pane in the
main-horizontal or main-vertical layouts.

mode-keys [vi | emacs]
Use vi or emacs-style key bindings in copy and choice modes. As with the
status-keys option, the default is emacs, unless VISUAL or EDITOR contains
‘vi’.

mode-style style
Set window modes style. For how to specify style, see the
message-command-style option.

monitor-activity [on | off]
Monitor for activity in the window. Windows with activity are highlighted
in the status line.

monitor-silence [interval]
Monitor for silence (no activity) in the window within interval seconds.
Windows that have been silent for the interval are highlighted in the status
line. An interval of zero disables the monitoring.

other-pane-height height
Set the height of the other panes (not the main pane) in the main-horizontal
layout. If this option is set to 0 (the default), it will have no effect.
If both the main-pane-height and other-pane-height options are set, the main
pane will grow taller to make the other panes the specified height, but will
never shrink to do so.

other-pane-width width
Like other-pane-height, but set the width of other panes in the
main-vertical layout.

pane-active-border-style style
Set the pane border style for the currently active pane. For how to specify
style, see the message-command-style option. Attributes are ignored.

pane-base-index index
Like base-index, but set the starting index for pane numbers.

pane-border-style style
Set the pane border style for panes aside from the active pane. For how to
specify style, see the message-command-style option. Attributes are
ignored.

remain-on-exit [on | off]
A window with this flag set is not destroyed when the program running in it
exits. The window may be reactivated with the respawn-window command.

synchronize-panes [on | off]
Duplicate input to any pane to all other panes in the same window (only for
panes that are not in any special mode).

utf8 [on | off]
Instructs tmux to expect UTF-8 sequences to appear in this window.

window-active-style style
Set the style for the window's active pane. For how to specify style, see
the message-command-style option.

window-status-activity-style style
Set status line style for windows with an activity alert. For how to
specify style, see the message-command-style option.

window-status-bell-style style
Set status line style for windows with a bell alert. For how to specify
style, see the message-command-style option.

window-status-current-format string
Like window-status-format, but is the format used when the window is the
current window.

window-status-current-style style
Set status line style for the currently active window. For how to specify
style, see the message-command-style option.

window-status-format string
Set the format in which the window is displayed in the status line window
list. See the status-left option for details of special character sequences
available. The default is ‘#I:#W#F’.

window-status-last-style style
Set status line style for the last active window. For how to specify style,
see the message-command-style option.

window-status-separator string
Sets the separator drawn between windows in the status line. The default is
a single space character.

window-status-style style
Set status line style for a single window. For how to specify style, see
the message-command-style option.

window-style style
Set the default window style. For how to specify style, see the
message-command-style option.

xterm-keys [on | off]
If this option is set, tmux will generate xterm(1) -style function key
sequences; these have a number included to indicate modifiers such as Shift,
Alt or Ctrl. The default is off.

wrap-search [on | off]
If this option is set, searches will wrap around the end of the pane
contents. The default is on.

show-options [-gqsvw] [-t target-session | target-window] [option]
(alias: show)
Show the window options (or a single window option if given) with -w (equivalent to
show-window-options), the server options with -s, otherwise the session options for
target session. Global session or window options are listed if -g is used. -v
shows only the option value, not the name. If -q is set, no error will be returned
if option is unset.

show-window-options [-gv] [-t target-window] [option]
(alias: showw)
List the window options or a single option for target-window, or the global window
options if -g is used. -v shows only the option value, not the name.

MOUSE SUPPORT

If the mouse option is on (the default is off), tmux allows mouse events to be bound as
keys. The name of each key is made up of a mouse event (such as ‘MouseUp1’) and a location
suffix (one of ‘Pane’ for the contents of a pane, ‘Border’ for a pane border or ‘Status’ for
the status line). The following mouse events are available:

MouseDown1 MouseUp1 MouseDrag1
MouseDown2 MouseUp2 MouseDrag2
MouseDown3 MouseUp3 MouseDrag3
WheelUp WheelDown

Each should be suffixed with a location, for example ‘MouseDown1Status’.

The special token ‘{mouse}’ or ‘=’ may be used as target-window or target-pane in commands
bound to mouse key bindings. It resolves to the window or pane over which the mouse event
took place (for example, the window in the status line over which button 1 was released for
a ‘MouseUp1Status’ binding, or the pane over which the wheel was scrolled for a
‘WheelDownPane’ binding).

The send-keys -M flag may be used to forward a mouse event to a pane.

The default key bindings allow the mouse to be used to select and resize panes, to copy text
and to change window using the status line. These take effect if the mouse option is turned
on.

FORMATS

Certain commands accept the -F flag with a format argument. This is a string which controls
the output format of the command. Replacement variables are enclosed in ‘#{’ and ‘}’, for
example ‘#{session_name}’. The possible variables are listed in the table below, or the
name of a tmux option may be used for an option's value. Some variables have a shorter
alias such as ‘#S’, and ‘##’ is replaced by a single ‘#’.

Conditionals are available by prefixing with ‘?’ and separating two alternatives with a
comma; if the specified variable exists and is not zero, the first alternative is chosen,
otherwise the second is used. For example ‘#{?session_attached,attached,not attached}’ will
include the string ‘attached’ if the session is attached and the string ‘not attached’ if it
is unattached, or ‘#{?automatic-rename,yes,no}’ will include ‘yes’ if automatic-rename is
enabled, or ‘no’ if not. A limit may be placed on the length of the resultant string by
prefixing it by an ‘=’, a number and a colon, so ‘#{=10:pane_title}’ will include at most
the first 10 characters of the pane title.

In addition, the first line of a shell command's output may be inserted using ‘#()’. For
example, ‘#(uptime)’ will insert the system's uptime. When constructing formats, tmux does
not wait for ‘#()’ commands to finish; instead, the previous result from running the same
command is used, or a placeholder if the command has not been run before. Commands are
executed with the tmux global environment set (see the ENVIRONMENT section).

The following variables are available, where appropriate:

Variable name Alias Replaced with
alternate_on If pane is in alternate screen
alternate_saved_x Saved cursor X in alternate screen
alternate_saved_y Saved cursor Y in alternate screen
buffer_sample Sample of start of buffer
buffer_size Size of the specified buffer in bytes
client_activity Integer time client last had activity
client_activity_string String time client last had activity
client_created Integer time client created
client_created_string String time client created
client_control_mode 1 if client is in control mode
client_height Height of client
client_last_session Name of the client's last session
client_pid PID of client process
client_prefix 1 if prefix key has been pressed
client_readonly 1 if client is readonly
client_session Name of the client's session
client_termname Terminal name of client
client_tty Pseudo terminal of client
client_utf8 1 if client supports utf8
client_width Width of client
cursor_flag Pane cursor flag
cursor_x Cursor X position in pane
cursor_y Cursor Y position in pane
history_bytes Number of bytes in window history
history_limit Maximum window history lines
history_size Size of history in bytes
host #H Hostname of local host
host_short #h Hostname of local host (no domain name)
insert_flag Pane insert flag
keypad_cursor_flag Pane keypad cursor flag
keypad_flag Pane keypad flag
line Line number in the list
mouse_any_flag Pane mouse any flag
mouse_button_flag Pane mouse button flag
mouse_standard_flag Pane mouse standard flag
mouse_utf8_flag Pane mouse UTF-8 flag
pane_active 1 if active pane
pane_bottom Bottom of pane
pane_current_command Current command if available
pane_current_path Current path if available
pane_dead 1 if pane is dead
pane_dead_status Exit status of process in dead pane
pane_height Height of pane
pane_id #D Unique pane ID
pane_in_mode If pane is in a mode
pane_input_off If input to pane is disabled
pane_index #P Index of pane
pane_left Left of pane
pane_pid PID of first process in pane
pane_right Right of pane
pane_start_command Command pane started with
pane_synchronized If pane is synchronized
pane_tabs Pane tab positions
pane_title #T Title of pane
pane_top Top of pane
pane_tty Pseudo terminal of pane
pane_width Width of pane
pid Server PID
scroll_region_lower Bottom of scroll region in pane
scroll_region_upper Top of scroll region in pane
session_alerts List of window indexes with alerts
session_attached Number of clients session is attached to
session_activity Integer time of session last activity
session_activity_string String time of session last activity
session_created Integer time session created
session_created_string String time session created
session_last_attached Integer time session last attached
session_last_attached_string String time session last attached
session_group Number of session group
session_grouped 1 if session in a group
session_height Height of session
session_id Unique session ID
session_many_attached 1 if multiple clients attached
session_name #S Name of session
session_width Width of session
session_windows Number of windows in session
window_activity Integer time of window last activity
window_activity_string String time of window last activity
window_active 1 if window active
window_activity_flag 1 if window has activity alert
window_bell_flag 1 if window has bell
window_find_matches Matched data from the find-window
window_flags #F Window flags
window_height Height of window
window_id Unique window ID
window_index #I Index of window
window_last_flag 1 if window is the last used
window_layout Window layout description
window_linked 1 if window is linked across sessions
window_name #W Name of window
window_panes Number of panes in window
window_silence_flag 1 if window has silence alert
window_width Width of window
window_zoomed_flag 1 if window is zoomed
wrap_flag Pane wrap flag

NAMES AND TITLES

tmux distinguishes between names and titles. Windows and sessions have names, which may be
used to specify them in targets and are displayed in the status line and various lists: the
name is the tmux identifier for a window or session. Only panes have titles. A pane's
title is typically set by the program running inside the pane and is not modified by tmux.
It is the same mechanism used to set for example the xterm(1) window title in an X(7) window
manager. Windows themselves do not have titles - a window's title is the title of its
active pane. tmux itself may set the title of the terminal in which the client is running,
see the set-titles option.

A session's name is set with the new-session and rename-session commands. A window's name
is set with one of:

1. A command argument (such as -n for new-window or new-session).

2. An escape sequence:

$ printf '\033kWINDOW_NAME\033\\'

3. Automatic renaming, which sets the name to the active command in the window's active
pane. See the automatic-rename option.

When a pane is first created, its title is the hostname. A pane's title can be set via the
OSC title setting sequence, for example:

$ printf '\033]2;My Title\033\\'

ENVIRONMENT

When the server is started, tmux copies the environment into the global environment; in
addition, each session has a session environment. When a window is created, the session and
global environments are merged. If a variable exists in both, the value from the session
environment is used. The result is the initial environment passed to the new process.

The update-environment session option may be used to update the session environment from the
client when a new session is created or an old reattached. tmux also initialises the TMUX
variable with some internal information to allow commands to be executed from inside, and
the TERM variable with the correct terminal setting of ‘screen’.

Commands to alter and view the environment are:

set-environment [-gru] [-t target-session] name [value]
(alias: setenv)
Set or unset an environment variable. If -g is used, the change is made in the
global environment; otherwise, it is applied to the session environment for
target-session. The -u flag unsets a variable. -r indicates the variable is to be
removed from the environment before starting a new process.

show-environment [-gs] [-t target-session] [variable]
(alias: showenv)
Display the environment for target-session or the global environment with -g. If
variable is omitted, all variables are shown. Variables removed from the
environment are prefixed with ‘-’. If -s is used, the output is formatted as a set
of Bourne shell commands.

STATUS LINE

tmux includes an optional status line which is displayed in the bottom line of each
terminal. By default, the status line is enabled (it may be disabled with the status
session option) and contains, from left-to-right: the name of the current session in square
brackets; the window list; the title of the active pane in double quotes; and the time and
date.

The status line is made of three parts: configurable left and right sections (which may
contain dynamic content such as the time or output from a shell command, see the
status-left, status-left-length, status-right, and status-right-length options below), and a
central window list. By default, the window list shows the index, name and (if any) flag of
the windows present in the current session in ascending numerical order. It may be
customised with the window-status-format and window-status-current-format options. The flag
is one of the following symbols appended to the window name:

Symbol Meaning
* Denotes the current window.
- Marks the last window (previously selected).
# Window is monitored and activity has been detected.
! A bell has occurred in the window.
~ The window has been silent for the monitor-silence interval.
M The window contains the marked pane.
Z The window's active pane is zoomed.

The # symbol relates to the monitor-activity window option. The window name is printed in
inverted colours if an alert (bell, activity or silence) is present.

The colour and attributes of the status line may be configured, the entire status line using
the status-style session option and individual windows using the window-status-style window
option.

The status line is automatically refreshed at interval if it has changed, the interval may
be controlled with the status-interval session option.

Commands related to the status line are as follows:

command-prompt [-I inputs] [-p prompts] [-t target-client] [template]
Open the command prompt in a client. This may be used from inside tmux to execute
commands interactively.

If template is specified, it is used as the command. If present, -I is a comma-
separated list of the initial text for each prompt. If -p is given, prompts is a
comma-separated list of prompts which are displayed in order; otherwise a single
prompt is displayed, constructed from template if it is present, or ‘:’ if not.

Both inputs and prompts may contain the special character sequences supported by the
status-left option.

Before the command is executed, the first occurrence of the string ‘%%’ and all
occurrences of ‘%1’ are replaced by the response to the first prompt, the second
‘%%’ and all ‘%2’ are replaced with the response to the second prompt, and so on for
further prompts. Up to nine prompt responses may be replaced (‘%1’ to ‘%9’).

confirm-before [-p prompt] [-t target-client] command
(alias: confirm)
Ask for confirmation before executing command. If -p is given, prompt is the prompt
to display; otherwise a prompt is constructed from command. It may contain the
special character sequences supported by the status-left option.

This command works only from inside tmux.

display-message [-p] [-c target-client] [-t target-pane] [message]
(alias: display)
Display a message. If -p is given, the output is printed to stdout, otherwise it is
displayed in the target-client status line. The format of message is described in
the FORMATS section; information is taken from target-pane if -t is given, otherwise
the active pane for the session attached to target-client.

BUFFERS

tmux maintains a set of named paste buffers. Each buffer may be either explicitly or
automatically named. Explicitly named buffers are named when created with the set-buffer or
load-buffer commands, or by renaming an automatically named buffer with set-buffer -n.
Automatically named buffers are given a name such as ‘buffer0001’, ‘buffer0002’ and so on.
When the buffer-limit option is reached, the oldest automatically named buffer is deleted.
Explicitly named are not subject to buffer-limit and may be deleted with delete-buffer
command.

Buffers may be added using copy-mode or the set-buffer and load-buffer commands, and pasted
into a window using the paste-buffer command. If a buffer command is used and no buffer is
specified, the most recently added automatically named buffer is assumed.

A configurable history buffer is also maintained for each window. By default, up to 2000
lines are kept; this can be altered with the history-limit option (see the set-option
command above).

The buffer commands are as follows:

choose-buffer [-F format] [-t target-window] [template]
Put a window into buffer choice mode, where a buffer may be chosen interactively
from a list. After a buffer is selected, ‘%%’ is replaced by the buffer name in
template and the result executed as a command. If template is not given, "paste-
buffer -b '%%'" is used. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the FORMATS section.
This command works only if at least one client is attached.

clear-history [-t target-pane]
(alias: clearhist)
Remove and free the history for the specified pane.

delete-buffer [-b buffer-name]
(alias: deleteb)
Delete the buffer named buffer-name, or the most recently added automatically named
buffer if not specified.

list-buffers [-F format]
(alias: lsb)
List the global buffers. For the meaning of the -F flag, see the FORMATS section.

load-buffer [-b buffer-name] path
(alias: loadb)
Load the contents of the specified paste buffer from path.

paste-buffer [-dpr] [-b buffer-name] [-s separator] [-t target-pane]
(alias: pasteb)
Insert the contents of a paste buffer into the specified pane. If not specified,
paste into the current one. With -d, also delete the paste buffer. When output,
any linefeed (LF) characters in the paste buffer are replaced with a separator, by
default carriage return (CR). A custom separator may be specified using the -s
flag. The -r flag means to do no replacement (equivalent to a separator of LF). If
-p is specified, paste bracket control codes are inserted around the buffer if the
application has requested bracketed paste mode.

save-buffer [-a] [-b buffer-name] path
(alias: saveb)
Save the contents of the specified paste buffer to path. The -a option appends to
rather than overwriting the file.

set-buffer [-a] [-b buffer-name] [-n new-buffer-name] data
(alias: setb)
Set the contents of the specified buffer to data. The -a option appends to rather
than overwriting the buffer. The -n option renames the buffer to new-buffer-name.

show-buffer [-b buffer-name]
(alias: showb)
Display the contents of the specified buffer.

MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous commands are as follows:

clock-mode [-t target-pane]
Display a large clock.

if-shell [-bF] [-t target-pane] shell-command command [command]
(alias: if)
Execute the first command if shell-command returns success or the second command
otherwise. Before being executed, shell-command is expanded using the rules
specified in the FORMATS section, including those relevant to target-pane. With -b,
shell-command is run in the background.

If -F is given, shell-command is not executed but considered success if neither
empty nor zero (after formats are expanded).

lock-server
(alias: lock)
Lock each client individually by running the command specified by the lock-command
option.

run-shell [-b] [-t target-pane] shell-command
(alias: run)
Execute shell-command in the background without creating a window. Before being
executed, shell-command is expanded using the rules specified in the FORMATS
section. With -b, the command is run in the background. After it finishes, any
output to stdout is displayed in copy mode (in the pane specified by -t or the
current pane if omitted). If the command doesn't return success, the exit status is
also displayed.

wait-for [-L | -S | -U] channel
(alias: wait)
When used without options, prevents the client from exiting until woken using
wait-for -S with the same channel. When -L is used, the channel is locked and any
clients that try to lock the same channel are made to wait until the channel is
unlocked with wait-for -U. This command only works from outside tmux.

TERMINFO EXTENSIONS

tmux understands some extensions to terminfo(5):

Cs, Cr Set the cursor colour. The first takes a single string argument and is used to set
the colour; the second takes no arguments and restores the default cursor colour.
If set, a sequence such as this may be used to change the cursor colour from inside
tmux:

$ printf '\033]12;red\033\\'

Ss, Se Set or reset the cursor style. If set, a sequence such as this may be used to
change the cursor to an underline:

$ printf '\033[4 q'

If Se is not set, Ss with argument 0 will be used to reset the cursor style instead.

Ms This sequence can be used by tmux to store the current buffer in the host terminal's
selection (clipboard). See the set-clipboard option above and the xterm(1) man
page.

CONTROL MODE

tmux offers a textual interface called control mode. This allows applications to
communicate with tmux using a simple text-only protocol.

In control mode, a client sends tmux commands or command sequences terminated by newlines on
standard input. Each command will produce one block of output on standard output. An
output block consists of a %begin line followed by the output (which may be empty). The
output block ends with a %end or %error. %begin and matching %end or %error have two
arguments: an integer time (as seconds from epoch) and command number. For example:

%begin 1363006971 2
0: ksh* (1 panes) [80x24] [layout b25f,80x24,0,0,2] @2 (active)
%end 1363006971 2

In control mode, tmux outputs notifications. A notification will never occur inside an
output block.

The following notifications are defined:

%exit [reason]
The tmux client is exiting immediately, either because it is not attached to any
session or an error occurred. If present, reason describes why the client exited.

%layout-change window-id window-layout
The layout of a window with ID window-id changed. The new layout is window-layout.

%output pane-id value
A window pane produced output. value escapes non-printable characters and backslash
as octal \xxx.

%session-changed session-id name
The client is now attached to the session with ID session-id, which is named name.

%session-renamed name
The current session was renamed to name.

%sessions-changed
A session was created or destroyed.

%unlinked-window-add window-id
The window with ID window-id was created but is not linked to the current session.

%window-add window-id
The window with ID window-id was linked to the current session.

%window-close window-id
The window with ID window-id closed.

%window-renamed window-id name
The window with ID window-id was renamed to name.

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