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PROGRAM:
NAME
write — write to another user
SYNOPSIS
write user_name [terminal]
DESCRIPTION
The write utility shall read lines from the standard input and write them to the terminal
of the specified user. When first invoked, it shall write the message:
Message from sender-login-id (sending-terminal) [date]...
to user_name. When it has successfully completed the connection, the sender's terminal
shall be alerted twice to indicate that what the sender is typing is being written to the
recipient's terminal.
If the recipient wants to reply, this can be accomplished by typing:
write sender-login-id [sending-terminal]
upon receipt of the initial message. Whenever a line of input as delimited by an NL, EOF,
or EOL special character (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 11,
General Terminal Interface) is accumulated while in canonical input mode, the accumulated
data shall be written on the other user's terminal. Characters shall be processed as
follows:
* Typing <alert> shall write the <alert> character to the recipient's terminal.
* Typing the erase and kill characters shall affect the sender's terminal in the manner
described by the termios interface in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008,
Chapter 11, General Terminal Interface.
* Typing the interrupt or end-of-file characters shall cause write to write an
appropriate message ("EOT\n" in the POSIX locale) to the recipient's terminal and
exit.
* Typing characters from LC_CTYPE classifications print or space shall cause those
characters to be sent to the recipient's terminal.
* When and only when the stty iexten local mode is enabled, the existence and processing
of additional special control characters and multi-byte or single-byte functions is
implementation-defined.
* Typing other non-printable characters shall cause implementation-defined sequences of
printable characters to be written to the recipient's terminal.
To write to a user who is logged in more than once, the terminal argument can be used to
indicate which terminal to write to; otherwise, the recipient's terminal is selected in an
implementation-defined manner and an informational message is written to the sender's
standard output, indicating which terminal was chosen.
Permission to be a recipient of a write message can be denied or granted by use of the
mesg utility. However, a user's privilege may further constrain the domain of
accessibility of other users' terminals. The write utility shall fail when the user lacks
appropriate privileges to perform the requested action.
OPTIONS
None.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
user_name Login name of the person to whom the message shall be written. The application
shall ensure that this operand is of the form returned by the who utility.
terminal Terminal identification in the same format provided by the who utility.
STDIN
Lines to be copied to the recipient's terminal are read from standard input.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of write:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments and input files). If the recipient's locale does not use an LC_CTYPE
equivalent to the sender's, the results are undefined.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error and informative messages written
to standard output.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
If an interrupt signal is received, write shall write an appropriate message on the
recipient's terminal and exit with a status of zero. It shall take the standard action for
all other signals.
STDOUT
An informational message shall be written to standard output if a recipient is logged in
more than once.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
The recipient's terminal is used for output.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 The addressed user is not logged on or the addressed user denies permission.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The talk utility is considered by some users to be a more usable utility on full-screen
terminals.
EXAMPLES
None.
RATIONALE
The write utility was included in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 since it can be implemented
on all terminal types. The standard developers considered the talk utility, which cannot
be implemented on certain terminals, to be a ``better'' communications interface. Both of
these programs are in widespread use on historical implementations. Therefore, the
standard developers decided that both utilities should be specified.
The format of the terminal name is unspecified, but the descriptions of ps, talk, who, and
write require that they all use or accept the same format.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
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