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PROGRAM:

NAME

Covered - Verilog Code Coverage Analyzer

SYNTAX

covered [global_options] score [options]
covered [global_options] merge [options] existing_database database_to_merge+
covered [global_options] report [options] database_file
covered [global_options] rank [options] database_to_rank database_to_rank+
covered [global_options] exclude [options] exclusion_id+ database_file

DESCRIPTION

Covered is a Verilog code coverage analysis tool that can be useful for determining how
well a diagnostic test suite is covering the design under test. Covered reads in the
Verilog design files and a VCD, LXT2 or FST formatted dumpfile from a diagnostic run and
generates a database file called a Coverage Description Database (CDD) file, using the
score command. Covered's score command can alternatively be used to generate a CDD file
and a Verilog module for using Covered as a VPI module in a testbench which can obtain
coverage information in parallel with simulation (see USING COVERED AS A VPI MODULE). The
resulting CDD file can be merged with other CDD files from the same design to create
accummulated coverage, using the merge command. Once a CDD file is created, the user can
use Covered to generate various human-readable coverage reports in an ASCII format or use
Covered's GUI to interactively look at coverage results, using the report command. If
uncovered coverage points are found that the user wants to exclude from coverage, this can
be handled with either the command-line exclude command or within the GUI. When multiple
CDD files are created from the same design, the user may obtain a coverage ranking of
those CDD files to determine an ideal order for regression testing as well as understand
which CDD files can be excluded from regressions due to their inability to hit new
coverage points. Additionally, as part of Covered's score command, race condition
possibilities are found in the design files and can be either ignored, flagged as warnings
or flagged as errors. By specifying race conditions as errors, Covered can also be used
as a race condition checker.

GLOBAL OPTIONS

These options are placed immediately after the keyword covered in the command-line. They
can be used for any command (with the exception of -v and -h) and have the same effect in
each case.

-B Obfuscate. Obfuscates all design-sensitive names before outputting in
user-readable format. This option is useful when sharing output with the
developers of Covered for debugging purposes.

-D Debug. Display information helpful for debugging tool problems. Note: This
option is now only available when covered is built with the --enable-debug
configuration option.

-h Help. Display this usage information.

-P [filename]
Profiling mode. Turns on internal source code profiler that will produce a
profiling report of the run command to either the specified filename or, if no
filename is present, to a file called covered.prof. This option is only available
if the --enable-profiling configuration option was specified when Covered was
built.

-Q Quiet mode. Causes all output to be suppressed.

-T Terse mode. Causes all output to be suppressed with the exception of warning
messages and the Covered header information.

-v Version. Display current Covered version.

COMMANDS

score Parses Verilog files and VCD/LXT2/FST dumpfiles to create database file used for
merging and reporting.

merge Merges two or more database files into one.

report Generates human-readable coverage reports from database file or starts the coverage
report GUI.

rank Generates a report that specifies an ideal order to run regressions and specifies
CDD files that do not add new coverage information (and can, therefore, be excluded
from regressions, if desired).

exclude
Allows one or more coverage points (identified with exclusion IDs in a report
generated with the -x option) to have their exclusion property toggled (include to
exclude or exclude to include) and, if the exclusion property is set to exclude,
optionally allow a reason for the exclusion to be associated with it and stored in
the specified CDD file.

SCORE COMMAND

The following options are valid for the score command:

-A ovl Causes OVL assertions to be used for assertion coverage. This flag must be given
to the score command if assertion coverage metrics are needed in the report
command.

-cdd database
Same as the -o option. Useful when CDD file being scored is an input to the score
command.

-cli [filename]
Causes the command-line debugger to be used during VCD/LXT2/FST dumpfile scoring.
If filename is specified, this file contains information saved in a previous call
to savehist on the CLI and causes the history contained in this file to be replayed
prior to the CLI command prompt. If filename is not specified, the CLI prompt will
be immediately available at the start of simulation. This option is only available
when Covered is configured with the --enable-debug option.

-conservative
If this option is specified, any logic blocks that contain code that could cause
coverage discrepancies leading to potentially inaccurate coverage results are
removed from coverage consideration. See User's Guide for more information on what
type of code can lead to coverage inaccuracies.

-dumpvars [filename]
If this option is specified without the -vcd or -lxt options, the design is parsed,
a CDD file is created and a top-level Verilog module file named filename (if this
value is specified) or "covered_dump.v" (if filename is not specified) is created.
This file is used in the compilation of the simulator to create a dumpfile that is
optimized for obtaining coverage for the specified CDD file. If either the -vcd or
-lxt options are specified, this option has no effect. See the User's Guide for
more information on how to use this option.

-D define_name
Defines the specified name to 1.

-D define_name=value
Defines the specified name to the specified value.

-e block_name
Name of module, task, function or named begin/end block to not score. Causes all
subblocks in the Verilog tree under this block to also not be scored.

-ea Excludes all always blocks from being considered for coverage.

-ec Excludes all continuous assignments from being considered for coverage.

-ei Excludes all initial blocks from being considered for coverage.

-ef Excludes all final blocks from being considered for coverage.

-ep [name]
Excludes all code found between '// coverage off' and '// coverage on' pragmas
embedded within the design. If name is specified, the keyword in the pragma will
be changed to that name instead of the default "coverage", allowing the user to
change the look of the pragma if it conflicts with any other tools.

-F module_name=[in_expr,]out_expr
Indicates to the parser where to find the FSM located in module module_name which
has an input state expression called in_expr and output state expression called
out_expr. If in_expr is not specified, out_expr is used as both the input and
output state expression.

-f filename
Name of file containing additional arguments to parse.

-fst filename
Name of FST dumpfile to score design with. If -vcd, -lxt or this option is not
used, Covered will only create an initial CDD file from the design and will not
attempt to score the design.

-g [module_name=](1|2|3)
Allows the user to limit the parser to a specific generation of the Verilog
standard for a specific module or the entire design, where 1=Verilog-1995,
2=Verilog-2001, 3=SystemVerilog. If module_name= is specified, the parser uses the
specified Verilog standard for that module only, allowing the rest of the design to
use the global standard. By default, the global standard is set to the most recent
version (3). This option can be specified more than once for a given call to the
score command; however, if the -g option specifies more than global value (i.e.,
without the module= prefix), only the last option value will be used.

-h Displays this help information.

-I directory
Directory to find included Verilog files.

-i instance_name
Verilog hierarchical reference to the module that is at the top of the tree to be
scored. This option is necessary if module to verify coverage is not the top-level
module in the design. If not specified, -t value is used.

-lxt filename
Name of LXT2 dumpfile to score design with. If -vcd, -fst or this option is not
used, Covered will only create an initial CDD file from the design and will not
attempt to score the design.

-m message
Allows the user to specify information about this CDD file. This information can
be anything (messages with whitespace should be surrounded by double-quotation
marks), but may include something about the simulation arguments to more easily
link the CDD file to its simulation for purposes of recreating the CDD file.

-o database
Name of database to write coverage information to. If not specified, the output
database filename will be "cov.cdd".

-p filename
Overrides default filename used to store intermediate preprocessor output.

-P parameter_scope=value
Performs a defparam on the specified parameter with value.

-rS When race condition checks are violated, the offending logic blocks are removed
from coverage consideration and all output is suppressed regarding the race
condition violation. See user documentation for more information about race
condition checking usage.

-rW When race condition checks are violated, the offending logic blocks are removed
from coverage consideration and the race condition violation is output. This is
the default behavior for race condition handling. See user documentation for more
information about race condition checking usage.

-rE When race condition checks are violated, the reason is output and scoring ends
immediately. See user documentation for more information about race condition
checking usage.

-rI[=module name]
If module name is not specified, race condition checking is skipped altogether for
the entire design. If module name is specified, race condition checking is skipped
for the specified module. See user documentation for more information about race
condition checking usage.

-rP[=name])
Uses embedded pragmas for ignoring certain code from race condition checking
consideration (if name is specified it is used as the pragma keyword). See user
documentation for more information about race condition checking usage.

-S Outputs simulation statistics after simulation has completed. This information is
currently only useful for the developers of Covered.

-t top-level module
Specifies the module name of the top-most module that will be measured. Note that
this module does not need to be the top-most module in the simulator. This field
is required for all calls to the score command.

-top_ts timescale
This option is only valid when the -vpi or -dumpvars options have been specified.
This option allows the user to specify a timescale for the generated Verilog module
created with the -vpi/-dumpvars option. If this option is not specified, no
timescale will be created for the generated module. The value of timescale is
specified as follows:

(1|10|100)(s|ms|us|ns|ps|fs)/(1|10|100)(s|ms|us|ns|ps|fs)

If whitespace is needed between the various values, place the entire contents of
timescale in double quotes.

-ts number
When scoring occurs, this option allows the user to see how far the simulator has
progressed by outputting the current timestep to standard output. The value of
number specifies how many timesteps are allowed to be simulated before outputting
the current timestep (results in less calls to output stream).

-T (min|typ|max)
Specifies which value to use when encountering a delay expression in the form:
min:typ:max. If this option is not specified, 'typ' select is used by default.

-v filename
Name of specific Verilog file to score.

-vcd filename
Name of VCD dumpfile to score design with. If -lxt, -fst or this option is not
used, Covered will only create an initial CDD file from the design and will not
attempt to score the design.

-vpi [filename]
If this option is specified without the -vcd, -lxt or -fst options, the design is
parsed, a CDD file is created and a top-level Verilog module file named filename
(if this value is specified) or "covered_vpi.v" (if filename is not specified) is
created along with a PLI table file called filename.ta b or "covered_vpi.v.ta b".
Both of these files are used in the compilation of the simulator to use Covered as
a VPI module. If either the -vcd, -lxt or -fst options are specified, this option
has no effect.

-Wignore
Suppress the output of warnings during code parsing and simulation.

-y directory
Directory to find unspecified Verilog files.

+libext+.extension[+.extension]*+
Extensions of Verilog files to allow in scoring.

MERGE COMMAND

The following options are valid for the merge command:

-d filename
Directory to search for CDD files to include. This option is used in conjunction
with the -ext option which specifies the file extension to use for determining
which files in the directory are CDD files.

-er (first|last|all|new|old)
Specifies how to handle exclusion reason resolution. If two or more CDD files
being merged have exclusion reasons specified for the same coverage point, the
exclusion reason needs to be resolved (unless it is the same string value). If
this option is not specified and a conflict is found, Covered will interactively
request input for each exclusion as to how to handle it. If this option is
specified, it tells Covered how to handle all exclusion reason conflicts. The
values are as follows:.br

first - CDD file that contained the first exclusion reason is used.

last - CDD file that contained the last exclusion reason is used.

all - All exclusion reasons are used (concatenated).

new - Use the newest exclusion reason specified.

old - Use the oldest exclusion reason specified.

-ext extension
Used in conjunction with the -d option. If no -ext options are specified on the
command-line, the default value of '.cdd' is used. Note that a period (.) should
be specified.

-f filename
Name of file containing additional arguments to parse.

-h Displays this help information.

-m message
Allows the user to specify information about this CDD file. This information can
be anything (messages with whitespace should be surrounded by double-quotation
marks).

-o filename
File to output new database to. If this argument is not specified, the
existing_database is used as the output database name.

REPORT COMMAND

The following options are valid with the report command:

-b If combinational logic verbose output is reported and the expression is a vector
operation, this option outputs the coverage information on a bitwise basis.

-c If -v is specified, displays covered metrics only. Default is to display uncovered
information only.

-d (s|d|v)
Level of detail to provide in coverage report information (s = summary, d =
detailed, v = verbose). Default is summary.

-e Outputs all excluded coverage points to the report file along with any specified
exclusion reasons if the -d d or -d v options are specified.

-f filename
Name of file containing additional arguments to parse.

-h Displays this help information.

-i Provides coverage information for instances instead of module.

-m [l][t][c][f][r][a][m]
Type(s) of metrics to report. l=line, t=toggle, c=combinational logic, f=FSM state
and state transition, r=race conditions, a=assertion, m=memory. Default is ltcf.

-o filename
File to output report information to. Default is standard output.

-s Suppresses modules/instances that contain no coverage information from being output
to the report. Used to help eliminate potentially meaningless information from the
report.

-v Deprecated. Replaced by '-d d' or '-d v'.

-view Starts the GUI interface for interactive coverage reporting.

-w (number)
Specifies the maximum line width (in characters) that can be used to output Verilog
information. If this option is not specified, all Verilog code in the report will
retain the same formatting as was specified in the original Verilog code. If this
option is specified, Verilog code will be formatted to use as much of the current
line as possible, wrapping text when the line reaches the maximum line width. The
default maximum line width is 115 characters (this value is used if no number is
specified with the -w option). If a number is specified with the -w option, this
value is used for the maximum line width.

-x Outputs the exclusion IDs of all uncovered and excluded coverage points within
parenthesis before the associated verbose output of the coverage point. The
exclusion IDs can be used to exclude/include coverage points via the exclude
command.

RANK COMMAND

The following options are valid with the rank command:

-d filename
Directory to search for CDD files to include. This option is used in conjunction
with the -ext option which specifies the file extension to use for determining
which files in the directory are CDD files.

-depth number
Specifies the minimum number of needed CDD files to hit each coverage point. The
value of number should be greater than zero. Default is 1.

-ext extension
Used in conjunction with the -d option. If no -ext options are specified on the
command-line, the default value of '.cdd' is used. Note that a period (.) should
be specified.

-f filename
Name of file containing additional arguments to parse.

-h Displays help information for the rank command.

-names-only
If specified, outputs only the needed CDD filenames that need to be run in the
order they need to be run. If this option is not set, a report-style output is
provided with additional information. This option is meant to be useful in scripts
that only want CDD filenames to run as output.

-o filename
Name of file to output ranking information to. Default is standard output.

-required-cdd filename
Name of CDD that should be considered a required CDD to rank (i.e., it cannot be
excluded for any reason).

-required-list filename
Name of a file that contains a list of CDDs that should be considered required CDDs
to rank. The filenames should be separated by whitespace or newline characters
within the file.

-v Causes verbose output to be displayed when the rank command is run. It outputs
diagnostic information about each of the different phases of the ranking algorithm
including run-time, number of CDD files included/excluded and number of coverage
points hit by ranked CDDs during each phase. This information is meant to be
useful for those interested in the ranking algorithm and its performance.

-weight-assert number
Specifies a relative weighting for assertion coverage used to rank non-unique
coverage points. The value of number is relative to the values used in the
-weight-toggle, -weight-memory, -weight-comb, -weight-fsm and -weight-line rank
command options.

-weight-comb number
Specifies a relative weighting for combinational logic coverage used to rank
non-unique coverage points. The value of number is relative to the values used in
the -weight-toggle, -weight-memory, -weight-assert, -weight-fsm and -weight-line
rank command options.

-weight-fsm number
Specifies a relative weighting for FSM state and state transition coverage used to
rank non-unique coverage points. The value of number is relative to the values
used in the -weight-toggle, -weight-memory, -weight-comb, -weight-assert and
-weight-line rank command options.

-weight-line number
Specifies a relative weighting for line coverage used to rank non-unique coverage
points. The value of number is relative to the values used in the -weight-toggle,
-weight-memory, -weight-comb, -weight-fsm and -weight-assert rank command options.

-weight-memory number
Specifies a relative weighting for memory coverage used to rank non-unique coverage
points. The value of number is relative to the values used in the -weight-toggle,
-weight-line, -weight-comb, -weight-fsm and -weight-assert rank command options.

-weight-toggle number
Specifies a relative weighting for toggle coverage used to rank non-unique coverage
points. The value of number is relative to the values used in the -weight-memory,
-weight-line, -weight-comb, -weight-fsm and -weight-assert rank command options.

EXCLUDE COMMAND

The following options are valid with the exclude command:

-f filename
Specifies the name of a file that contains more options to the exclude command.
This option may be specified as many times as necessary for a single call to the
exclude command.

-h Generates usage information for the exclude command.

-m Allows for an exclusion message to be associated with any coverage points going
from the included state to the excluded state. For each coverage point that meets
this requirement, the user will be prompted to input a reason. The reason may be
any length and any number of lines; however, all formatting characters (i.e.,
newlines, tabs, extra spaces, etc.) will be removed and replaced with a single
space when it is later displayed. To end the input of a message, hit a return,
enter a single period (.) character and hit return again. The final period
character will not be part of the exclusion message.

-p Causes all specified coverage points to print their current exclusion status and
exclusion reason (if one exists for the excluded coverage point) to standard
output. If this option is specified, the -m option will be ignored.

USING COVERED AS A VPI MODULE

In addition to using Covered's score command to parse a VCD, LXT2 or FST file to abstract
coverage information, Covered may also be used as a VPI module within a simulator to
extract this information. The advantages to using Covered as a VPI over a dumpfile reader
include the following. First, VCD files can be extrememly large, especially for long
simulations, using up valuable disk space. Second, if you are using a simulator that
dumps files in a different format than VCD, LXT2 or FST and you want to convert these dump
file types to one of these versions, the cost of disk space and time can make creating
dumpfiles that Covered requires undesirable. Additionally, though using Covered as a VPI
module will slow down your simulation speed, it is most likely that the total time spent
simulating your design and scoring the design in one step will be shorter than doing so in
two steps. As a result, Covered's configure utility can generate VPI-ready libraries for
the following free and commercial simulators (Icarus Verilog, CVER and VCS).

To automatically build the VPI-ready library files when generating Covered from source,
simply specify one or more of the following when running the "configure" utility in the
base Covered directory: --with-iv=<Icarus Verilog install path>, --with-vcs=<VCS include
path>, --with-cver=<CVER include path>. After Covered has been configured, simply type
'make' and 'make install'. This will install the VPI-ready library files in the
installation libexec directory (by default this path will be /usr/local/libexec).

Before you are ready to compile the design, you must first create a CDD file, a top-level
Verilog file, and a PLI table file (the last file is only needed for the VCS compiler).
This is done by specifying the -vpi (filename) option to Covered's score command. If no
filename is specified after -vpi, the files covered_vpi.v and covered_vpi.ta b will be
created along with the generated coverage file. Note that this step only needs to be
performed once unless the design files change. You are now ready to compile the
simulator.

If you are compiling an Icarus Verilog simulation, simply add '-m
/usr/local/libexec/covered.vpi covered_vpi.v' to the 'iverilog' command-line. Once
compilation is complete, run the generated executable file as you normally would.

If you are compiling a CVER simulation, simply add
'+loadvpi=/usr/local/libexec/covered.cver.so:vpi_compat_bootstrap covered_vpi.v' to the
'cver' command-line.

If you are compiling a VCS simulation, simply add '+vpi -load
/usr/local/libexec/covered.vcs.so:covered_register covered_vpi.v' to the 'vcs'
command-line. Once compilation is complete, run the generated executable file as you
normally would.

If you are compiling a NC-Verilog simulation, switch to NC-Verilog's irun command to load
the covered shared object: '-loadvpi /usr/local/libexec/covered.ncv.so:covered_register'
and enable all access with '-access +rwc'. You can hardcode the $covered_sim call into
your RTL or you can run it dynamically using the CLI, by adding the -input input.tcl
switch to irun. Where the input.tcl file looks like the following and tb.dut is the
coverage instance:
call -systf {$covered_sim} {"scored.cdd"} tb.dut
run

There are two plusargs that can be passed to the generated executable when it is run that
Covered will parse. The '+covered_cdd=<filename>' option will cause Covered to output the
scored design contents to the CDD file specified by <filename>. This allows multiple runs
of the simulator to generate several different CDD files without needed a recompile to
occur. The '+covered_debug' option will cause Covered to dump a lot of excessive output
about its internal run-time state during simulation. This output will only be generated
if Covered was configured with the --enable-debug option. This plusarg option should not
be used by regular users as it is primarily intended to aid the developers of Covered in
debugging.

AUTHORS

Trevor Williams <[email protected]>

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