m68hc12-objcopy - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

objcopy - copy and translate object files

SYNOPSIS

objcopy [-F bfdname|--target=bfdname]
[-I bfdname|--input-target=bfdname]
[-O bfdname|--output-target=bfdname]
[-B bfdarch|--binary-architecture=bfdarch]
[-S|--strip-all]
[-g|--strip-debug]
[-K symbolname|--keep-symbol=symbolname]
[-N symbolname|--strip-symbol=symbolname]
[--strip-unneeded-symbol=symbolname]
[-G symbolname|--keep-global-symbol=symbolname]
[--localize-hidden]
[-L symbolname|--localize-symbol=symbolname]
[--globalize-symbol=symbolname]
[-W symbolname|--weaken-symbol=symbolname]
[-w|--wildcard]
[-x|--discard-all]
[-X|--discard-locals]
[-b byte|--byte=byte]
[-i interleave|--interleave=interleave]
[-j sectionname|--only-section=sectionname]
[-R sectionname|--remove-section=sectionname]
[-p|--preserve-dates]
[--debugging]
[--gap-fill=val]
[--pad-to=address]
[--set-start=val]
[--adjust-start=incr]
[--change-addresses=incr]
[--change-section-address section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-section-vma section{=,+,-}val]
[--change-warnings] [--no-change-warnings]
[--set-section-flags section=flags]
[--add-section sectionname=filename]
[--rename-section oldname=newname[,flags]]
[--change-leading-char] [--remove-leading-char]
[--reverse-bytes=num]
[--srec-len=ival] [--srec-forceS3]
[--redefine-sym old=new]
[--redefine-syms=filename]
[--weaken]
[--keep-symbols=filename]
[--strip-symbols=filename]
[--strip-unneeded-symbols=filename]
[--keep-global-symbols=filename]
[--localize-symbols=filename]
[--globalize-symbols=filename]
[--weaken-symbols=filename]
[--alt-machine-code=index]
[--prefix-symbols=string]
[--prefix-sections=string]
[--prefix-alloc-sections=string]
[--add-gnu-debuglink=path-to-file]
[--keep-file-symbols]
[--only-keep-debug]
[--extract-symbol]
[--writable-text]
[--readonly-text]
[--pure]
[--impure]
[-v|--verbose]
[-V|--version]
[--help] [--info]
infile [outfile]

DESCRIPTION

The GNU objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another. objcopy uses
the GNU BFD Library to read and write the object files. It can write the destination
object file in a format different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior
of objcopy is controlled by command-line options. Note that objcopy should be able to
copy a fully linked file between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object
file between any two formats may not work as expected.

objcopy creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes them afterward.
objcopy uses BFD to do all its translation work; it has access to all the formats
described in BFD and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told explicitly.

objcopy can be used to generate S-records by using an output target of srec (e.g., use -O
srec).

objcopy can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an output target of binary
(e.g., use -O binary). When objcopy generates a raw binary file, it will essentially
produce a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and
relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at the load address
of the lowest section copied into the output file.

When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to use -S to remove
sections containing debugging information. In some cases -R will be useful to remove
sections which contain information that is not needed by the binary file.

Note---objcopy is not able to change the endianness of its input files. If the input
format has an endianness (some formats do not), objcopy can only copy the inputs into file
formats that have the same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., srec). (However,
see the --reverse-bytes option.)

OPTIONS

infile
outfile
The input and output files, respectively. If you do not specify outfile, objcopy
creates a temporary file and destructively renames the result with the name of infile.

-I bfdname
--input-target=bfdname
Consider the source file's object format to be bfdname, rather than attempting to
deduce it.

-O bfdname
--output-target=bfdname
Write the output file using the object format bfdname.

-F bfdname
--target=bfdname
Use bfdname as the object format for both the input and the output file; i.e., simply
transfer data from source to destination with no translation.

-B bfdarch
--binary-architecture=bfdarch
Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object file. In this case
the output architecture can be set to bfdarch. This option will be ignored if the
input file has a known bfdarch. You can access this binary data inside a program by
referencing the special symbols that are created by the conversion process. These
symbols are called _binary_objfile_start, _binary_objfile_end and
_binary_objfile_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into an object file and
then access it in your code using these symbols.

-j sectionname
--only-section=sectionname
Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. This option may
be given more than once. Note that using this option inappropriately may make the
output file unusable.

-R sectionname
--remove-section=sectionname
Remove any section named sectionname from the output file. This option may be given
more than once. Note that using this option inappropriately may make the output file
unusable.

-S
--strip-all
Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file.

-g
--strip-debug
Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file.

--strip-unneeded
Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing.

-K symbolname
--keep-symbol=symbolname
When stripping symbols, keep symbol symbolname even if it would normally be stripped.
This option may be given more than once.

-N symbolname
--strip-symbol=symbolname
Do not copy symbol symbolname from the source file. This option may be given more
than once.

--strip-unneeded-symbol=symbolname
Do not copy symbol symbolname from the source file unless it is needed by a
relocation. This option may be given more than once.

-G symbolname
--keep-global-symbol=symbolname
Keep only symbol symbolname global. Make all other symbols local to the file, so that
they are not visible externally. This option may be given more than once.

--localize-hidden
In an ELF object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility as local.
This option applies on top of symbol-specific localization options such as -L.

-L symbolname
--localize-symbol=symbolname
Make symbol symbolname local to the file, so that it is not visible externally. This
option may be given more than once.

-W symbolname
--weaken-symbol=symbolname
Make symbol symbolname weak. This option may be given more than once.

--globalize-symbol=symbolname
Give symbol symbolname global scoping so that it is visible outside of the file in
which it is defined. This option may be given more than once.

-w
--wildcard
Permit regular expressions in symbolnames used in other command line options. The
question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) and square brackets ([]) operators can
be used anywhere in the symbol name. If the first character of the symbol name is the
exclamation point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. For
example:

-w -W !foo -W fo*

would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with "fo" except for the symbol
"foo".

-x
--discard-all
Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file.

-X
--discard-locals
Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start with L or ..)

-b byte
--byte=byte
Keep only every byteth byte of the input file (header data is not affected). byte can
be in the range from 0 to interleave-1, where interleave is given by the -i or
--interleave option, or the default of 4. This option is useful for creating files to
program ROM. It is typically used with an "srec" output target.

-i interleave
--interleave=interleave
Only copy one out of every interleave bytes. Select which byte to copy with the -b or
--byte option. The default is 4. objcopy ignores this option if you do not specify
either -b or --byte.

-p
--preserve-dates
Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same as those of
the input file.

--debugging
Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default because only
certain debugging formats are supported, and the conversion process can be time
consuming.

--gap-fill val
Fill gaps between sections with val. This operation applies to the load address (LMA)
of the sections. It is done by increasing the size of the section with the lower
address, and filling in the extra space created with val.

--pad-to address
Pad the output file up to the load address address. This is done by increasing the
size of the last section. The extra space is filled in with the value specified by
--gap-fill (default zero).

--set-start val
Set the start address of the new file to val. Not all object file formats support
setting the start address.

--change-start incr
--adjust-start incr
Change the start address by adding incr. Not all object file formats support setting
the start address.

--change-addresses incr
--adjust-vma incr
Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the start address, by
adding incr. Some object file formats do not permit section addresses to be changed
arbitrarily. Note that this does not relocate the sections; if the program expects
sections to be loaded at a certain address, and this option is used to change the
sections such that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail.

--change-section-address section{=,+,-}val
--adjust-section-vma section{=,+,-}val
Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named section. If = is
used, the section address is set to val. Otherwise, val is added to or subtracted
from the section address. See the comments under --change-addresses, above. If
section does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
--no-change-warnings is used.

--change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val
Set or change the LMA address of the named section. The LMA address is the address
where the section will be loaded into memory at program load time. Normally this is
the same as the VMA address, which is the address of the section at program run time,
but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in ROM, the two can be
different. If = is used, the section address is set to val. Otherwise, val is added
to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments under --change-addresses,
above. If section does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless
--no-change-warnings is used.

--change-section-vma section{=,+,-}val
Set or change the VMA address of the named section. The VMA address is the address
where the section will be located once the program has started executing. Normally
this is the same as the LMA address, which is the address where the section will be
loaded into memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in
ROM, the two can be different. If = is used, the section address is set to val.
Otherwise, val is added to or subtracted from the section address. See the comments
under --change-addresses, above. If section does not exist in the input file, a
warning will be issued, unless --no-change-warnings is used.

--change-warnings
--adjust-warnings
If --change-section-address or --change-section-lma or --change-section-vma is used,
and the named section does not exist, issue a warning. This is the default.

--no-change-warnings
--no-adjust-warnings
Do not issue a warning if --change-section-address or --adjust-section-lma or
--adjust-section-vma is used, even if the named section does not exist.

--set-section-flags section=flags
Set the flags for the named section. The flags argument is a comma separated string
of flag names. The recognized names are alloc, contents, load, noload, readonly,
code, data, rom, share, and debug. You can set the contents flag for a section which
does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the contents flag of a
section which does have contents--just remove the section instead. Not all flags are
meaningful for all object file formats.

--add-section sectionname=filename
Add a new section named sectionname while copying the file. The contents of the new
section are taken from the file filename. The size of the section will be the size of
the file. This option only works on file formats which can support sections with
arbitrary names.

--rename-section oldname=newname[,flags]
Rename a section from oldname to newname, optionally changing the section's flags to
flags in the process. This has the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the
rename in that the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked
executable.

This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, since this will
always create a section called .data. If for example, you wanted instead to create a
section called .rodata containing binary data you could use the following command line
to achieve it:

objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \
--rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \
<input_binary_file> <output_object_file>

--change-leading-char
Some object file formats use special characters at the start of symbols. The most
common such character is underscore, which compilers often add before every symbol.
This option tells objcopy to change the leading character of every symbol when it
converts between object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading
character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a character, or remove a
character, or change a character, as appropriate.

--remove-leading-char
If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading character used
by the object file format, remove the character. The most common symbol leading
character is underscore. This option will remove a leading underscore from all global
symbols. This can be useful if you want to link together objects of different file
formats with different conventions for symbol names. This is different from
--change-leading-char because it always changes the symbol name when appropriate,
regardless of the object file format of the output file.

--reverse-bytes=num
Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section length must be evenly
divisible by the value given in order for the swap to be able to take place. Reversing
takes place before the interleaving is performed.

This option is used typically in generating ROM images for problematic target systems.
For example, on some target boards, the 32-bit words fetched from 8-bit ROMs are re-
assembled in little-endian byte order regardless of the CPU byte order. Depending on
the programming model, the endianness of the ROM may need to be modified.

Consider a simple file with a section containing the following eight bytes: 12345678.

Using --reverse-bytes=2 for the above example, the bytes in the output file would be
ordered 21436587.

Using --reverse-bytes=4 for the above example, the bytes in the output file would be
ordered 43218765.

By using --reverse-bytes=2 for the above example, followed by --reverse-bytes=4 on the
output file, the bytes in the second output file would be ordered 34127856.

--srec-len=ival
Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords being
produced to ival. This length covers both address, data and crc fields.

--srec-forceS3
Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, creating S3-only
record format.

--redefine-sym old=new
Change the name of a symbol old, to new. This can be useful when one is trying link
two things together for which you have no source, and there are name collisions.

--redefine-syms=filename
Apply --redefine-sym to each symbol pair "old new" listed in the file filename.
filename is simply a flat file, with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--weaken
Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful when building an
object which will be linked against other objects using the -R option to the linker.
This option is only effective when using an object file format which supports weak
symbols.

--keep-symbols=filename
Apply --keep-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename. filename is
simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by
the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--strip-symbols=filename
Apply --strip-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename. filename is
simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by
the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--strip-unneeded-symbols=filename
Apply --strip-unneeded-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename.
filename is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--keep-global-symbols=filename
Apply --keep-global-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename.
filename is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be
introduced by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--localize-symbols=filename
Apply --localize-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename. filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced
by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--globalize-symbols=filename
Apply --globalize-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename. filename
is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced
by the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--weaken-symbols=filename
Apply --weaken-symbol option to each symbol listed in the file filename. filename is
simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by
the hash character. This option may be given more than once.

--alt-machine-code=index
If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the indexth code instead
of the default one. This is useful in case a machine is assigned an official code and
the tool-chain adopts the new code, but other applications still depend on the
original code being used. For ELF based architectures if the index alternative does
not exist then the value is treated as an absolute number to be stored in the
e_machine field of the ELF header.

--writable-text
Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all object file
formats.

--readonly-text
Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all object
file formats.

--pure
Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all object
file formats.

--impure
Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all object file
formats.

--prefix-symbols=string
Prefix all symbols in the output file with string.

--prefix-sections=string
Prefix all section names in the output file with string.

--prefix-alloc-sections=string
Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with string.

--add-gnu-debuglink=path-to-file
Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to path-to-file and adds
it to the output file.

--keep-file-symbols
When stripping a file, perhaps with --strip-debug or --strip-unneeded, retain any
symbols specifying source file names, which would otherwise get stripped.

--only-keep-debug
Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be stripped by
--strip-debug and leaving the debugging sections intact. In ELF files, this preserves
all note sections in the output.

The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with --add-gnu-debuglink
to create a two part executable. One a stripped binary which will occupy less space
in RAM and in a distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only
needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure to create these
files is as follows:

1.<Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called>
"foo" then...

1.<Run "objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg" to>
create a file containing the debugging info.

1.<Run "objcopy --strip-debug foo" to create a>
stripped executable.

1.<Run "objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo">
to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable.

Note - the choice of ".dbg" as an extension for the debug info file is arbitrary.
Also the "--only-keep-debug" step is optional. You could instead do this:

1.<Link the executable as normal.>
1.<Copy "foo" to "foo.full">
1.<Run "objcopy --strip-debug foo">
1.<Run "objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo">

i.e., the file pointed to by the --add-gnu-debuglink can be the full executable. It
does not have to be a file created by the --only-keep-debug switch.

Note - this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It does not make
sense to use it on object files where the debugging information may be incomplete.
Besides the gnu_debuglink feature currently only supports the presence of one filename
containing debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file
basis.

--extract-symbol
Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section data. Specifically,
the option:

*<sets the virtual and load addresses of every section to zero;>
*<removes the contents of all sections;>
*<sets the size of every section to zero; and>
*<sets the file's start address to zero.>

This option is used to build a .sym file for a VxWorks kernel. It can also be a
useful way of reducing the size of a --just-symbols linker input file.

-V
--version
Show the version number of objcopy.

-v
--verbose
Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of archives, objcopy -V
lists all members of the archive.

--help
Show a summary of the options to objcopy.

--info
Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available.

@file
Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the
original @file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option
will be treated literally, and not removed.

Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included
in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any
character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be
included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any
such options will be processed recursively.

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