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PROGRAM:

NAME

mailx — process messages

SYNOPSIS

Send Mode
mailx [−s subject] address...

Receive Mode
mailx −e

mailx [−HiNn] [−F] [−u user]

mailx −f [−HiNn] [−F] [file]

DESCRIPTION

The mailx utility provides a message sending and receiving facility. It has two major
modes, selected by the options used: Send Mode and Receive Mode.

On systems that do not support the User Portability Utilities option, an application using
mailx shall have the ability to send messages in an unspecified manner (Send Mode). Unless
the first character of one or more lines is <tilde> ('~'), all characters in the input
message shall appear in the delivered message, but additional characters may be inserted
in the message before it is retrieved.

On systems supporting the User Portability Utilities option, mail-receiving capabilities
and other interactive features, Receive Mode, described below, also shall be enabled.

Send Mode
Send Mode can be used by applications or users to send messages from the text in standard
input.

Receive Mode
Receive Mode is more oriented towards interactive users. Mail can be read and sent in this
interactive mode.

When reading mail, mailx provides commands to facilitate saving, deleting, and responding
to messages. When sending mail, mailx allows editing, reviewing, and other modification of
the message as it is entered.

Incoming mail shall be stored in one or more unspecified locations for each user,
collectively called the system mailbox for that user. When mailx is invoked in Receive
Mode, the system mailbox shall be the default place to find new mail. As messages are
read, they shall be marked to be moved to a secondary file for storage, unless specific
action is taken. This secondary file is called the mbox and is normally located in the
directory referred to by the HOME environment variable (see MBOX in the ENVIRONMENT
VARIABLES section for a description of this file). Messages shall remain in this file
until explicitly removed. When the −f option is used to read mail messages from secondary
files, messages shall be retained in those files unless specifically removed. All three of
these locations—system mailbox, mbox, and secondary file—are referred to in this section
as simply ``mailboxes'', unless more specific identification is required.

OPTIONS

The mailx utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section
12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

The following options shall be supported. (Only the −s subject option shall be required on
all systems. The other options are required only on systems supporting the User
Portability Utilities option.)

−e Test for the presence of mail in the system mailbox. The mailx utility shall
write nothing and exit with a successful return code if there is mail to read.

−f Read messages from the file named by the file operand instead of the system
mailbox. (See also folder.) If no file operand is specified, read messages from
mbox instead of the system mailbox.

−F Record the message in a file named after the first recipient. The name is the
login-name portion of the address found first on the To: line in the mail
header. Overrides the record variable, if set (see Internal Variables in mailx).

−H Write a header summary only.

−i Ignore interrupts. (See also ignore.)

−n Do not initialize from the system default start-up file. See the EXTENDED
DESCRIPTION section.

−N Do not write an initial header summary.

−s subject
Set the Subject header field to subject. All characters in the subject string
shall appear in the delivered message. The results are unspecified if subject is
longer than {LINE_MAX} − 10 bytes or contains a <newline>.

−u user Read the system mailbox of the login name user. This shall only be successful
if the invoking user has appropriate privileges to read the system mailbox of
that user.

OPERANDS

The following operands shall be supported:

address Addressee of message. When −n is specified and no user start-up files are
accessed (see the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section), the user or application shall
ensure this is an address to pass to the mail delivery system. Any system or
user start-up files may enable aliases (see alias under Commands in mailx) that
may modify the form of address before it is passed to the mail delivery system.

file A pathname of a file to be read instead of the system mailbox when −f is
specified. The meaning of the file option-argument shall be affected by the
contents of the folder internal variable; see Internal Variables in mailx.

STDIN

When mailx is invoked in Send Mode (the first synopsis line), standard input shall be the
message to be delivered to the specified addresses. When in Receive Mode, user commands
shall be accepted from stdin. If the User Portability Utilities option is not supported,
standard input lines beginning with a <tilde> ('~') character produce unspecified results.

If the User Portability Utilities option is supported, then in both Send and Receive
Modes, standard input lines beginning with the escape character (usually <tilde> ('~'))
shall affect processing as described in Command Escapes in mailx.

INPUT FILES

When mailx is used as described by this volume of POSIX.1‐2008, the file option-argument
(see the −f option) and the mbox shall be text files containing mail messages, formatted
as described in the OUTPUT FILES section. The nature of the system mailbox is unspecified;
it need not be a file.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Some of the functionality described in this section shall be provided on implementations
that support the User Portability Utilities option as described in the text, and is not
further shaded for this option.

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of mailx:

DEAD Determine the pathname of the file in which to save partial messages in case of
interrupts or delivery errors. The default shall be dead.letter in the directory
named by the HOME variable. The behavior of mailx in saving partial messages is
unspecified if the User Portability Utilities option is not supported and DEAD
is not defined with the value /dev/null.

EDITOR Determine the name of a utility to invoke when the edit (see Commands in mailx)
or ~e (see Command Escapes in mailx) command is used. The default editor is
unspecified. On XSI-conformant systems it is ed. The effects of this variable
are unspecified if the User Portability Utilities option is not supported.

HOME Determine the pathname of the user's home directory.

LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.

LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments and input files) and the handling of case-insensitive address and
header-field comparisons.

LC_TIME This variable may determine the format and contents of the date and time strings
written by mailx. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 specifies the effects of this
variable only for systems supporting the User Portability Utilities option.

LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error and informative messages written
to standard output.

LISTER Determine a string representing the command for writing the contents of the
folder directory to standard output when the folders command is given (see
folders in Commands in mailx). Any string acceptable as a command_string
operand to the sh −c command shall be valid. If this variable is null or not
set, the output command shall be ls. The effects of this variable are
unspecified if the User Portability Utilities option is not supported.

MAILRC Determine the pathname of the start-up file. The default shall be .mailrc in the
directory referred to by the HOME environment variable. The behavior of mailx is
unspecified if the User Portability Utilities option is not supported and MAILRC
is not defined with the value /dev/null.

MBOX Determine a pathname of the file to save messages from the system mailbox that
have been read. The exit command shall override this function, as shall saving
the message explicitly in another file. The default shall be mbox in the
directory named by the HOME variable. The effects of this variable are
unspecified if the User Portability Utilities option is not supported.

NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

PAGER Determine a string representing an output filtering or pagination command for
writing the output to the terminal. Any string acceptable as a command_string
operand to the sh −c command shall be valid. When standard output is a terminal
device, the message output shall be piped through the command if the mailx
internal variable crt is set to a value less the number of lines in the message;
see Internal Variables in mailx. If the PAGER variable is null or not set, the
paginator shall be either more or another paginator utility documented in the
system documentation. The effects of this variable are unspecified if the User
Portability Utilities option is not supported.

SHELL Determine the name of a preferred command interpreter. The default shall be sh.
The effects of this variable are unspecified if the User Portability Utilities
option is not supported.

TERM If the internal variable screen is not specified, determine the name of the
terminal type to indicate in an unspecified manner the number of lines in a
screenful of headers. If TERM is not set or is set to null, an unspecified
default terminal type shall be used and the value of a screenful is unspecified.
The effects of this variable are unspecified if the User Portability Utilities
option is not supported.

TZ This variable may determine the timezone used to calculate date and time strings
written by mailx. If TZ is unset or null, an unspecified default timezone shall
be used.

VISUAL Determine a pathname of a utility to invoke when the visual command (see
Commands in mailx) or ~v command-escape (see Command Escapes in mailx) is used.
If this variable is null or not set, the full-screen editor shall be vi. The
effects of this variable are unspecified if the User Portability Utilities
option is not supported.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

When mailx is in Send Mode and standard input is not a terminal, it shall take the
standard action for all signals.

In Receive Mode, or in Send Mode when standard input is a terminal, if a SIGINT signal is
received:

1. If in command mode, the current command, if there is one, shall be aborted, and a
command-mode prompt shall be written.

2. If in input mode:

a. If ignore is set, mailx shall write "@\n", discard the current input line, and
continue processing, bypassing the message-abort mechanism described in item 2b.

b. If the interrupt was received while sending mail, either when in Receive Mode or
in Send Mode, a message shall be written, and another subsequent interrupt, with
no other intervening characters typed, shall be required to abort the mail
message. If in Receive Mode and another interrupt is received, a command-mode
prompt shall be written. If in Send Mode and another interrupt is received, mailx
shall terminate with a non-zero status.

In both cases listed in item b, if the message is not empty:

i. If save is enabled and the file named by DEAD can be created, the message
shall be written to the file named by DEAD. If the file exists, the message
shall be written to replace the contents of the file.

ii. If save is not enabled, or the file named by DEAD cannot be created, the
message shall not be saved.

The mailx utility shall take the standard action for all other signals.

STDOUT

In command and input modes, all output, including prompts and messages, shall be written
to standard output.

STDERR

The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

Various mailx commands and command escapes can create or add to files, including the mbox,
the dead-letter file, and secondary mailboxes. When mailx is used as described in this
volume of POSIX.1‐2008, these files shall be text files, formatted as follows:

line beginning with From<space>
[one or more header-lines; see Commands in mailx]
empty line
[zero or more body lines
empty line]
[line beginning with From<space>...]

where each message begins with the From <space> line shown, preceded by the beginning of
the file or an empty line. (The From <space> line is considered to be part of the message
header, but not one of the header-lines referred to in Commands in mailx; thus, it shall
not be affected by the discard, ignore, or retain commands.) The formats of the remainder
of the From <space> line and any additional header lines are unspecified, except that none
shall be empty. The format of a message body line is also unspecified, except that no line
following an empty line shall start with From <space>; mailx shall modify any such user-
entered message body lines (following an empty line and beginning with From <space>) by
adding one or more characters to precede the 'F'; it may add these characters to From
<space> lines that are not preceded by an empty line.

When a message from the system mailbox or entered by the user is not a text file, it is
implementation-defined how such a message is stored in files written by mailx.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

The functionality in the entire EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section shall be provided on
implementations supporting the User Portability Utilities option. The functionality
described in this section shall be provided on implementations that support the User
Portability Utilities option (and the rest of this section is not further shaded for this
option).

The mailx utility need not support for all character encodings in all circumstances. For
example, inter-system mail may be restricted to 7-bit data by the underlying network,
8-bit data need not be portable to non-internationalized systems, and so on. Under these
circumstances, it is recommended that only characters defined in the ISO/IEC 646:1991
standard International Reference Version (equivalent to ASCII) 7-bit range of characters
be used.

When mailx is invoked using one of the Receive Mode synopsis forms, it shall write a page
of header-summary lines (if −N was not specified and there are messages, see below),
followed by a prompt indicating that mailx can accept regular commands (see Commands in
mailx); this is termed command mode. The page of header-summary lines shall contain the
first new message if there are new messages, or the first unread message if there are
unread messages, or the first message. When mailx is invoked using the Send Mode synopsis
and standard input is a terminal, if no subject is specified on the command line and the
asksub variable is set, a prompt for the subject shall be written. At this point, mailx
shall be in input mode. This input mode shall also be entered when using one of the
Receive Mode synopsis forms and a reply or new message is composed using the reply, Reply,
followup, Followup, or mail commands and standard input is a terminal. When the message is
typed and the end of the message is encountered, the message shall be passed to the mail
delivery software. Commands can be entered by beginning a line with the escape character
(by default, <tilde> ('~')) followed by a single command letter and optional arguments.
See Commands in mailx for a summary of these commands. It is unspecified what effect these
commands will have if standard input is not a terminal when a message is entered using
either the Send Mode synopsis, or the Read Mode commands reply, Reply, followup, Followup,
or mail.

Note: For notational convenience, this section uses the default escape character,
<tilde>, in all references and examples.

At any time, the behavior of mailx shall be governed by a set of environmental and
internal variables. These are flags and valued parameters that can be set and cleared via
the mailx set and unset commands.

Regular commands are of the form:

[command] [msglist] [argument ...]

If no command is specified in command mode, next shall be assumed. In input mode, commands
shall be recognized by the escape character, and lines not treated as commands shall be
taken as input for the message.

In command mode, each message shall be assigned a sequential number, starting with 1.

All messages have a state that shall affect how they are displayed in the header summary
and how they are retained or deleted upon termination of mailx. There is at any time the
notion of a current message, which shall be marked by a '>' at the beginning of a line in
the header summary. When mailx is invoked using one of the Receive Mode synopsis forms,
the current message shall be the first new message, if there is a new message, or the
first unread message if there is an unread message, or the first message if there are any
messages, or unspecified if there are no messages in the mailbox. Each command that takes
an optional list of messages (msglist) or an optional single message (message) on which to
operate shall leave the current message set to the highest-numbered message of the
messages specified, unless the command deletes messages, in which case the current message
shall be set to the first undeleted message (that is, a message not in the deleted state)
after the highest-numbered message deleted by the command, if one exists, or the first
undeleted message before the highest-numbered message deleted by the command, if one
exists, or to an unspecified value if there are no remaining undeleted messages. All
messages shall be in one of the following states:

new The message is present in the system mailbox and has not been viewed by the user
or moved to any other state. Messages in state new when mailx quits shall be
retained in the system mailbox.

unread The message has been present in the system mailbox for more than one invocation
of mailx and has not been viewed by the user or moved to any other state.
Messages in state unread when mailx quits shall be retained in the system
mailbox.

read The message has been processed by one of the following commands: ~f, ~m, ~F, ~M,
copy, mbox, next, pipe, print, Print, top, type, Type, undelete. The delete,
dp, and dt commands may also cause the next message to be marked as read,
depending on the value of the autoprint variable. Messages that are in the
system mailbox and in state read when mailx quits shall be saved in the mbox,
unless the internal variable hold was set. Messages that are in the mbox or in a
secondary mailbox and in state read when mailx quits shall be retained in their
current location.

deleted The message has been processed by one of the following commands: delete, dp, dt.
Messages in state deleted when mailx quits shall be deleted. Deleted messages
shall be ignored until mailx quits or changes mailboxes or they are specified to
the undelete command; for example, the message specification /string shall only
search the subject lines of messages that have not yet been deleted, unless the
command operating on the list of messages is undelete. No deleted message or
deleted message header shall be displayed by any mailx command other than
undelete.

preserved The message has been processed by a preserve command. When mailx quits, the
message shall be retained in its current location.

saved The message has been processed by one of the following commands: save or write.
If the current mailbox is the system mailbox, and the internal variable keepsave
is set, messages in the state saved shall be saved to the file designated by the
MBOX variable (see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section). If the current mailbox is
the system mailbox, messages in the state saved shall be deleted from the
current mailbox, when the quit or file command is used to exit the current
mailbox.

The header-summary line for each message shall indicate the state of the message.

Many commands take an optional list of messages (msglist) on which to operate, which
defaults to the current message. A msglist is a list of message specifications separated
by <blank> characters, which can include:

n Message number n.

+ The next undeleted message, or the next deleted message for the undelete command.

− The next previous undeleted message, or the next previous deleted message for the
undelete command.

. The current message.

^ The first undeleted message, or the first deleted message for the undelete
command.

$ The last message.

* All messages.

n‐m An inclusive range of message numbers.

address All messages from address; any address as shown in a header summary shall be
matchable in this form.

/string All messages with string in the subject line (case ignored).

:c All messages of type c, where c shall be one of:

d Deleted messages.

n New messages.

o Old messages (any not in state read or new).

r Read messages.

u Unread messages.

Other commands take an optional message (message) on which to operate, which defaults to
the current message. All of the forms allowed for msglist are also allowed for message,
but if more than one message is specified, only the first shall be operated on.

Other arguments are usually arbitrary strings whose usage depends on the command involved.

Start-Up in mailx
At start-up time, mailx shall take the following steps in sequence:

1. Establish all variables at their stated default values.

2. Process command line options, overriding corresponding default values.

3. Import any of the DEAD, EDITOR, MBOX, LISTER, PAGER, SHELL, or VISUAL variables that
are present in the environment, overriding the corresponding default values.

4. Read mailx commands from an unspecified system start-up file, unless the −n option is
given, to initialize any internal mailx variables and aliases.

5. Process the start-up file of mailx commands named in the user MAILRC variable.

Most regular mailx commands are valid inside start-up files, the most common use being to
set up initial display options and alias lists. The following commands shall be invalid in
the start-up file: !, edit, hold, mail, preserve, reply, Reply, shell, visual, Copy,
followup, and Followup. Any errors in the start-up file shall either cause mailx to
terminate with a diagnostic message and a non-zero status or to continue after writing a
diagnostic message, ignoring the remainder of the lines in the start-up file.

A blank line in a start-up file shall be ignored.

Internal Variables in mailx
The following variables are internal mailx variables. Each internal variable can be set
via the mailx set command at any time. The unset and set no name commands can be used to
erase variables.

In the following list, variables shown as:

variable

represent Boolean values. Variables shown as:

variable=value

shall be assigned string or numeric values. For string values, the rules in Commands in
mailx concerning filenames and quoting shall also apply.

The defaults specified here may be changed by the unspecified system start-up file unless
the user specifies the −n option.

allnet All network names whose login name components match shall be treated as
identical. This shall cause the msglist message specifications to behave
similarly. The default shall be noallnet. See also the alternates command and
the metoo variable.

append Append messages to the end of the mbox file upon termination instead of placing
them at the beginning. The default shall be noappend. This variable shall not
affect the save command when saving to mbox.

ask, asksub
Prompt for a subject line on outgoing mail if one is not specified on the
command line with the −s option. The ask and asksub forms are synonyms; the
system shall refer to asksub and noasksub in its messages, but shall accept ask
and noask as user input to mean asksub and noasksub. It shall not be possible
to set both ask and noasksub, or noask and asksub. The default shall be asksub,
but no prompting shall be done if standard input is not a terminal.

askbcc Prompt for the blind copy list. The default shall be noaskbcc.

askcc Prompt for the copy list. The default shall be noaskcc.

autoprint Enable automatic writing of messages after delete and undelete commands. The
default shall be noautoprint.

bang Enable the special-case treatment of <exclamation-mark> characters ('!') in
escape command lines; see the escape command and Command Escapes in mailx. The
default shall be nobang, disabling the expansion of '!' in the command argument
to the ~! command and the ~<!command escape.

cmd=command
Set the default command to be invoked by the pipe command. The default shall be
nocmd.

crt=number
Pipe messages having more than number lines through the command specified by the
value of the PAGER variable. The default shall be nocrt. If it is set to null,
the value used is implementation-defined.

debug Enable verbose diagnostics for debugging. Messages are not delivered. The
default shall be nodebug.

dot When dot is set, a <period> on a line by itself during message input from a
terminal shall also signify end-of-file (in addition to normal end-of-file). The
default shall be nodot. If ignoreeof is set (see below), a setting of nodot
shall be ignored and the <period> is the only method to terminate input mode.

escape=c Set the command escape character to be the character 'c'. By default, the
command escape character shall be <tilde>. If escape is unset, <tilde> shall be
used; if it is set to null, command escaping shall be disabled.

flipr Reverse the meanings of the R and r commands. The default shall be noflipr.

folder=directory
The default directory for saving mail files. User-specified filenames beginning
with a <plus-sign> ('+') shall be expanded by preceding the filename with this
directory name to obtain the real pathname. If directory does not start with a
<slash> ('/'), the contents of HOME shall be prefixed to it. The default shall
be nofolder. If folder is unset or set to null, user-specified filenames
beginning with '+' shall refer to files in the current directory that begin with
the literal '+' character. See also outfolder below. The folder value need not
affect the processing of the files named in MBOX and DEAD.

header Enable writing of the header summary when entering mailx in Receive Mode. The
default shall be header.

hold Preserve all messages that are read in the system mailbox instead of putting
them in the mbox save file. The default shall be nohold.

ignore Ignore interrupts while entering messages. The default shall be noignore.

ignoreeof Ignore normal end-of-file during message input. Input can be terminated only by
entering a <period> ('.') on a line by itself or by the ~. command escape. The
default shall be noignoreeof. See also dot above.

indentprefix=string
A string that shall be added as a prefix to each line that is inserted into the
message by the ~m command escape. This variable shall default to one <tab>.

keep When a system mailbox, secondary mailbox, or mbox is empty, truncate it to zero
length instead of removing it. The default shall be nokeep.

keepsave Keep the messages that have been saved from the system mailbox into other files
in the file designated by the variable MBOX, instead of deleting them. The
default shall be nokeepsave.

metoo Suppress the deletion of the login name of the user from the recipient list when
replying to a message or sending to a group. The default shall be nometoo.

onehop When responding to a message that was originally sent to several recipients, the
other recipient addresses are normally forced to be relative to the originating
author's machine for the response. This flag disables alteration of the
recipients' addresses, improving efficiency in a network where all machines can
send directly to all other machines (that is, one hop away). The default shall
be noonehop.

outfolder Cause the files used to record outgoing messages to be located in the directory
specified by the folder variable unless the pathname is absolute. The default
shall be nooutfolder. See the record variable.

page Insert a <form-feed> after each message sent through the pipe created by the
pipe command. The default shall be nopage.

prompt=string
Set the command-mode prompt to string. If string is null or if noprompt is set,
no prompting shall occur. The default shall be to prompt with the string "? ".

quiet Refrain from writing the opening message and version when entering mailx. The
default shall be noquiet.

record=file
Record all outgoing mail in the file with the pathname file. The default shall
be norecord. See also outfolder above.

save Enable saving of messages in the dead-letter file on interrupt or delivery
error. See the variable DEAD for the location of the dead-letter file. The
default shall be save.

screen=number
Set the number of lines in a screenful of headers for the headers and z
commands. If screen is not specified, a value based on the terminal type
identified by the TERM environment variable, the window size, the baud rate, or
some combination of these shall be used.

sendwait Wait for the background mailer to finish before returning. The default shall be
nosendwait.

showto When the sender of the message was the user who is invoking mailx, write the
information from the To: line instead of the From: line in the header summary.
The default shall be noshowto.

sign=string
Set the variable inserted into the text of a message when the ~a command escape
is given. The default shall be nosign. The character sequences '\t' and '\n'
shall be recognized in the variable as <tab> and <newline> characters,
respectively. (See also ~i in Command Escapes in mailx.)

Sign=string
Set the variable inserted into the text of a message when the ~A command escape
is given. The default shall be noSign. The character sequences '\t' and '\n'
shall be recognized in the variable as <tab> and <newline> characters,
respectively.

toplines=number
Set the number of lines of the message to write with the top command. The
default shall be 5.

Commands in mailx
The following mailx commands shall be provided. In the following list, header refers to
lines from the message header, as shown in the OUTPUT FILES section. Header-line refers
to lines within the header that begin with one or more non-white-space characters,
immediately followed by a <colon> and white space and continuing until the next line
beginning with a non-white-space character or an empty line. Header-field refers to the
portion of a header line prior to the first <colon> in that line.

For each of the commands listed below, the command can be entered as the abbreviation
(those characters in the Synopsis command word preceding the '['), the full command (all
characters shown for the command word, omitting the '[' and ']'), or any truncation of the
full command down to the abbreviation. For example, the exit command (shown as ex[it] in
the Synopsis) can be entered as ex, exi, or exit.

The arguments to commands can be quoted, using the following methods:

* An argument can be enclosed between paired double-quotes ("") or single-quotes ('');
any white space, shell word expansion, or <backslash> characters within the quotes
shall be treated literally as part of the argument. A double-quote shall be treated
literally within single-quotes and vice versa. These special properties of the
<quotation-mark> characters shall occur only when they are paired at the beginning and
end of the argument.

* A <backslash> outside of the enclosing quotes shall be discarded and the following
character treated literally as part of the argument.

* An unquoted <backslash> at the end of a command line shall be discarded and the next
line shall continue the command.

Filenames, where expected, shall be subjected to the following transformations, in
sequence:

* If the filename begins with an unquoted <plus-sign>, and the folder variable is
defined (see the folder variable), the <plus-sign> shall be replaced by the value of
the folder variable followed by a <slash>. If the folder variable is unset or is set
to null, the filename shall be unchanged.

* Shell word expansions shall be applied to the filename (see Section 2.6, Word
Expansions). If more than a single pathname results from this expansion and the
command is expecting one file, the effects are unspecified.

Declare Aliases
Synopsis:
a[lias] [alias [address...]]
g[roup] [alias [address...]]

Add the given addresses to the alias specified by alias. The names shall be substituted
when alias is used as a recipient address specified by the user in an outgoing message
(that is, other recipients addressed indirectly through the reply command shall not be
substituted in this manner). Mail address alias substitution shall apply only when the
alias string is used as a full address; for example, when hlj is an alias, hlj@posix.com
does not trigger the alias substitution. If no arguments are given, write a listing of the
current aliases to standard output. If only an alias argument is given, write a listing of
the specified alias to standard output. These listings need not reflect the same order of
addresses that were entered.

Declare Alternatives
Synopsis:
alt[ernates] name...

(See also the metoo variable.) Declare a list of alternative names for the user's login.
When responding to a message, these names shall be removed from the list of recipients for
the response. The comparison of names shall be in a case-insensitive manner. With no
arguments, alternates shall write the current list of alternative names.

Change Current Directory
Synopsis:
cd [directory]
ch[dir] [directory]

Change directory. If directory is not specified, the contents of HOME shall be used.

Copy Messages
Synopsis:
c[opy] [file]
c[opy] [msglist] file
C[opy] [msglist]

Copy messages to the file named by the pathname file without marking the messages as
saved. Otherwise, it shall be equivalent to the save command.

In the capitalized form, save the specified messages in a file whose name is derived from
the author of the message to be saved, without marking the messages as saved. Otherwise,
it shall be equivalent to the Save command.

Delete Messages
Synopsis:
d[elete] [msglist]

Mark messages for deletion from the mailbox. The deletions shall not occur until mailx
quits (see the quit command) or changes mailboxes (see the folder command). If autoprint
is set and there are messages remaining after the delete command, the current message
shall be written as described for the print command (see the print command); otherwise,
the mailx prompt shall be written.

Discard Header Fields
Synopsis:
di[scard] [header-field...]
ig[nore] [header-field...]

Suppress the specified header fields when writing messages. Specified header-fields shall
be added to the list of suppressed header fields. Examples of header fields to ignore are
status and cc. The fields shall be included when the message is saved. The Print and Type
commands shall override this command. The comparison of header fields shall be in a case-
insensitive manner. If no arguments are specified, write a list of the currently
suppressed header fields to standard output; the listing need not reflect the same order
of header fields that were entered.

If both retain and discard commands are given, discard commands shall be ignored.

Delete Messages and Display
Synopsis:
dp [msglist]
dt [msglist]

Delete the specified messages as described for the delete command, except that the
autoprint variable shall have no effect, and the current message shall be written only if
it was set to a message after the last message deleted by the command. Otherwise, an
informational message to the effect that there are no further messages in the mailbox
shall be written, followed by the mailx prompt.

Echo a String
Synopsis:
ec[ho] string ...

Echo the given strings, equivalent to the shell echo utility.

Edit Messages
Synopsis:
e[dit] [msglist]

Edit the given messages. The messages shall be placed in a temporary file and the utility
named by the EDITOR variable is invoked to edit each file in sequence. The default EDITOR
is unspecified.

The edit command does not modify the contents of those messages in the mailbox.

Exit
Synopsis:
ex[it]
x[it]

Exit from mailx without changing the mailbox. No messages shall be saved in the mbox (see
also quit).

Change Folder
Synopsis:
fi[le] [file]
fold[er] [file]

Quit (see the quit command) from the current file of messages and read in the file named
by the pathname file. If no argument is given, the name and status of the current mailbox
shall be written.

Several unquoted special characters shall be recognized when used as file names, with the
following substitutions:

% The system mailbox for the invoking user.

%user The system mailbox for user.

# The previous file.

& The current mbox.

+file The named file in the folder directory. (See the folder variable.)

The default file shall be the current mailbox.

Display List of Folders
Synopsis:
folders

Write the names of the files in the directory set by the folder variable. The command
specified by the LISTER environment variable shall be used (see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
section).

Follow Up Specified Messages
Synopsis:
fo[llowup] [message]
F[ollowup] [msglist]

In the lowercase form, respond to a message, recording the response in a file whose name
is derived from the author of the message. See also the save and copy commands and
outfolder.

In the capitalized form, respond to the first message in the msglist, sending the message
to the author of each message in the msglist. The subject line shall be taken from the
first message and the response shall be recorded in a file whose name is derived from the
author of the first message. See also the Save and Copy commands and outfolder.

Both forms shall override the record variable, if set.

Display Header Summary for Specified Messages
Synopsis:
f[rom] [msglist]

Write the header summary for the specified messages.

Display Header Summary
Synopsis:
h[eaders] [message]

Write the page of headers that includes the message specified. If the message argument is
not specified, the current message shall not change. However, if the message argument is
specified, the current message shall become the message that appears at the top of the
page of headers that includes the message specified. The screen variable sets the number
of headers per page. See also the z command.

Help
Synopsis:
hel[p]
?

Write a summary of commands.

Hold Messages
Synopsis:
ho[ld] [msglist]
pre[serve] [msglist]

Mark the messages in msglist to be retained in the mailbox when mailx terminates. This
shall override any commands that might previously have marked the messages to be deleted.
During the current invocation of mailx, only the delete, dp, or dt commands shall remove
the preserve marking of a message.

Execute Commands Conditionally
Synopsis:
i[f] s|r
mail-commands
el[se]
mail-commands
en[dif]

Execute commands conditionally, where if s executes the following mail-commands, up to an
else or endif, if the program is in Send Mode, and if r shall cause the mail-commands to
be executed only in Receive Mode.

List Available Commands
Synopsis:
l[ist]

Write a list of all commands available. No explanation shall be given.

Mail a Message
Synopsis:
m[ail] address...

Mail a message to the specified addresses or aliases.

Direct Messages to mbox
Synopsis:
mb[ox] [msglist]

Arrange for the given messages to end up in the mbox save file when mailx terminates
normally. See MBOX. See also the exit and quit commands.

Process Next Specified Message
Synopsis:
n[ext] [message]

If the current message has not been written (for example, by the print command) since
mailx started or since any other message was the current message, behave as if the print
command was entered. Otherwise, if there is an undeleted message after the current
message, make it the current message and behave as if the print command was entered.
Otherwise, an informational message to the effect that there are no further messages in
the mailbox shall be written, followed by the mailx prompt. Should the current message
location be the result of an immediately preceding hold, mbox, preserve, or touch command,
next will act as if the current message has already been written.

Pipe Message
Synopsis:
pi[pe] [[msglist] command]
| [[msglist] command]

Pipe the messages through the given command by invoking the command interpreter specified
by SHELL with two arguments: −c and command. (See also sh −c.) The application shall
ensure that the command is given as a single argument. Quoting, described previously, can
be used to accomplish this. If no arguments are given, the current message shall be piped
through the command specified by the value of the cmd variable. If the page variable is
set, a <form-feed> shall be inserted after each message.

Display Message with Headers
Synopsis:
P[rint] [msglist]
T[ype] [msglist]

Write the specified messages, including all header lines, to standard output. Override
suppression of lines by the discard, ignore, and retain commands. If crt is set, the
messages longer than the number of lines specified by the crt variable shall be paged
through the command specified by the PAGER environment variable.

Display Message
Synopsis:
p[rint] [msglist]
t[ype] [msglist]

Write the specified messages to standard output. If crt is set, the messages longer than
the number of lines specified by the crt variable shall be paged through the command
specified by the PAGER environment variable.

Quit
Synopsis:
q[uit]
end-of-file

Terminate mailx, storing messages that were read in mbox (if the current mailbox is the
system mailbox and unless hold is set), deleting messages that have been explicitly saved
(unless keepsave is set), discarding messages that have been deleted, and saving all
remaining messages in the mailbox.

Reply to a Message List
Synopsis:
R[eply] [msglist]
R[espond] [msglist]

Mail a reply message to the sender of each message in the msglist. The subject line shall
be formed by concatenating Re:<space> (unless it already begins with that string) and the
subject from the first message. If record is set to a filename, the response shall be
saved at the end of that file.

See also the flipr variable.

Reply to a Message
Synopsis:
r[eply] [message]
r[espond] [message]

Mail a reply message to all recipients included in the header of the message. The subject
line shall be formed by concatenating Re:<space> (unless it already begins with that
string) and the subject from the message. If record is set to a filename, the response
shall be saved at the end of that file.

See also the flipr variable.

Retain Header Fields
Synopsis:
ret[ain] [header-field...]

Retain the specified header fields when writing messages. This command shall override all
discard and ignore commands. The comparison of header fields shall be in a case-
insensitive manner. If no arguments are specified, write a list of the currently retained
header fields to standard output; the listing need not reflect the same order of header
fields that were entered.

Save Messages
Synopsis:
s[ave] [file]
s[ave] [msglist] file
S[ave] [msglist]

Save the specified messages in the file named by the pathname file, or the mbox if the
file argument is omitted. The file shall be created if it does not exist; otherwise, the
messages shall be appended to the file. The message shall be put in the state saved, and
shall behave as specified in the description of the saved state when the current mailbox
is exited by the quit or file command.

In the capitalized form, save the specified messages in a file whose name is derived from
the author of the first message. The name of the file shall be taken to be the author's
name with all network addressing stripped off. See also the Copy, followup, and Followup
commands and outfolder variable.

Set Variables
Synopsis:
se[t] [name[=[string]] ...] [name=number ...] [noname ...]

Define one or more variables called name. The variable can be given a null, string, or
numeric value. Quoting and <backslash>-escapes can occur anywhere in string, as described
previously, as if the string portion of the argument were the entire argument. The forms
name and name= shall be equivalent to name="" for variables that take string values. The
set command without arguments shall write a list of all defined variables and their
values. The no name form shall be equivalent to unset name.

Invoke a Shell
Synopsis:
sh[ell]

Invoke an interactive command interpreter (see also SHELL).

Display Message Size
Synopsis:
si[ze] [msglist]

Write the size in bytes of each of the specified messages.

Read mailx Commands From a File
Synopsis:
so[urce] file

Read and execute commands from the file named by the pathname file and return to command
mode.

Display Beginning of Messages
Synopsis:
to[p] [msglist]

Write the top few lines of each of the specified messages. If the toplines variable is
set, it is taken as the number of lines to write. The default shall be 5.

Touch Messages
Synopsis:
tou[ch] [msglist]

Touch the specified messages. If any message in msglist is not specifically deleted nor
saved in a file, it shall be placed in the mbox upon normal termination. See exit and
quit.

Delete Aliases
Synopsis:
una[lias] [alias]...

Delete the specified alias names. If a specified alias does not exist, the results are
unspecified.

Undelete Messages
Synopsis:
u[ndelete] [msglist]

Change the state of the specified messages from deleted to read. If autoprint is set, the
last message of those restored shall be written. If msglist is not specified, the message
shall be selected as follows:

* If there are any deleted messages that follow the current message, the first of these
shall be chosen.

* Otherwise, the last deleted message that also precedes the current message shall be
chosen.

Unset Variables
Synopsis:
uns[et] name...

Cause the specified variables to be erased.

Edit Message with Full-Screen Editor
Synopsis:
v[isual] [msglist]

Edit the given messages with a screen editor. Each message shall be placed in a temporary
file, and the utility named by the VISUAL variable shall be invoked to edit each file in
sequence. The default editor shall be vi.

The visual command does not modify the contents of those messages in the mailbox.

Write Messages to a File
Synopsis:
w[rite] [msglist] file

Write the given messages to the file specified by the pathname file, minus the message
header. Otherwise, it shall be equivalent to the save command.

Scroll Header Display
Synopsis:
z[+|−]

Scroll the header display forward (if '+' is specified or if no option is specified) or
backward (if '−' is specified) one screenful. The number of headers written shall be set
by the screen variable.

Invoke Shell Command
Synopsis:
!command

Invoke the command interpreter specified by SHELL with two arguments: −c and command.
(See also sh −c.) If the bang variable is set, each unescaped occurrence of '!' in
command shall be replaced with the command executed by the previous ! command or ~!
command escape.

Null Command
Synopsis:
# comment

This null command (comment) shall be ignored by mailx.

Display Current Message Number
Synopsis:
=

Write the current message number.

Command Escapes in mailx
The following commands can be entered only from input mode, by beginning a line with the
escape character (by default, <tilde> ('~')). See the escape variable description for
changing this special character. The format for the commands shall be:

<escape-character><command-char><separator>[<arguments>]

where the <separator> can be zero or more <blank> characters.

In the following descriptions, the application shall ensure that the argument command (but
not mailx-command) is a shell command string. Any string acceptable to the command
interpreter specified by the SHELL variable when it is invoked as SHELL −c command_string
shall be valid. The command can be presented as multiple arguments (that is, quoting is
not required).

Command escapes that are listed with msglist or mailx-command arguments are invalid in
Send Mode and produce unspecified results.

~! command
Invoke the command interpreter specified by SHELL with two arguments: −c and
command; and then return to input mode. If the bang variable is set, each
unescaped occurrence of '!' in command shall be replaced with the command
executed by the previous ! command or ~! command escape.

~. Simulate end-of-file (terminate message input).

~: mailx-command, ~_ mailx-command
Perform the command-level request.

~? Write a summary of command escapes.

~A This shall be equivalent to ~i Sign.

~a This shall be equivalent to ~i sign.

~b name...
Add the names to the blind carbon copy (Bcc) list.

~c name...
Add the names to the carbon copy (Cc) list.

~d Read in the dead-letter file. See DEAD for a description of this file.

~e Invoke the editor, as specified by the EDITOR environment variable, on the
partial message.

~f [msglist]
Forward the specified messages. The specified messages shall be inserted into
the current message without alteration. This command escape also shall insert
message headers into the message with field selection affected by the discard,
ignore, and retain commands.

~F [msglist]
This shall be the equivalent of the ~f command escape, except that all headers
shall be included in the message, regardless of previous discard, ignore, and
retain commands.

~h If standard input is a terminal, prompt for a Subject line and the To, Cc, and
Bcc lists. Other implementation-defined headers may also be presented for
editing. If the field is written with an initial value, it can be edited as if
it had just been typed.

~i string Insert the value of the named variable, followed by a <newline>, into the text
of the message. If the string is unset or null, the message shall not be
changed.

~m [msglist]
Insert the specified messages into the message, prefixing non-empty lines with
the string in the indentprefix variable. This command escape also shall insert
message headers into the message, with field selection affected by the discard,
ignore, and retain commands.

~M [msglist]
This shall be the equivalent of the ~m command escape, except that all headers
shall be included in the message, regardless of previous discard, ignore, and
retain commands.

~p Write the message being entered. If the message is longer than crt lines (see
Internal Variables in mailx), the output shall be paginated as described for the
PAGER variable.

~q Quit (see the quit command) from input mode by simulating an interrupt. If the
body of the message is not empty, the partial message shall be saved in the
dead-letter file. See DEAD for a description of this file.

~r file, ~< file, ~r !command, ~< !command
Read in the file specified by the pathname file. If the argument begins with an
<exclamation-mark> ('!'), the rest of the string shall be taken as an arbitrary
system command; the command interpreter specified by SHELL shall be invoked with
two arguments: −c and command. The standard output of command shall be inserted
into the message.

~s string Set the subject line to string.

~t name...
Add the given names to the To list.

~v Invoke the full-screen editor, as specified by the VISUAL environment variable,
on the partial message.

~w file Write the partial message, without the header, onto the file named by the
pathname file. The file shall be created or the message shall be appended to it
if the file exists.

~x Exit as with ~q, except the message shall not be saved in the dead-letter file.

~| command
Pipe the body of the message through the given command by invoking the command
interpreter specified by SHELL with two arguments: −c and command. If the
command returns a successful exit status, the standard output of the command
shall replace the message. Otherwise, the message shall remain unchanged. If the
command fails, an error message giving the exit status shall be written.

EXIT STATUS

When the −e option is specified, the following exit values are returned:

0 Mail was found.

>0 Mail was not found or an error occurred.

Otherwise, the following exit values are returned:

0 Successful completion; note that this status implies that all messages were sent,
but it gives no assurances that any of them were actually delivered.

>0 An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

When in input mode (Receive Mode) or Send Mode:

* If an error is encountered processing an input line beginning with a <tilde> ('~')
character, (see Command Escapes in mailx), a diagnostic message shall be written to
standard error, and the message being composed may be modified, but this condition
shall not prevent the message from being sent.

* Other errors shall prevent the sending of the message.

When in command mode:

* Default.

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE

Delivery of messages to remote systems requires the existence of communication paths to
such systems. These need not exist.

Input lines are limited to {LINE_MAX} bytes, but mailers between systems may impose more
severe line-length restrictions. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 does not place any
restrictions on the length of messages handled by mailx, and for delivery of local
messages the only limitations should be the normal problems of available disk space for
the target mail file. When sending messages to external machines, applications are advised
to limit messages to less than 100000 bytes because some mail gateways impose message-
length restrictions.

The format of the system mailbox is intentionally unspecified. Not all systems implement
system mailboxes as flat files, particularly with the advent of multimedia mail messages.
Some system mailboxes may be multiple files, others records in a database. The internal
format of the messages themselves is specified with the historical format from Version 7,
but only after the messages have been saved in some file other than the system mailbox.
This was done so that many historical applications expecting text-file mailboxes are not
broken.

Some new formats for messages can be expected in the future, probably including binary
data, bit maps, and various multimedia objects. As described here, mailx is not prohibited
from handling such messages, but it must store them as text files in secondary mailboxes
(unless some extension, such as a variable or command line option, is used to change the
stored format). Its method of doing so is implementation-defined and might include
translating the data into text file-compatible or readable form or omitting certain
portions of the message from the stored output.

The discard and ignore commands are not inverses of the retain command. The retain command
discards all header-fields except those explicitly retained. The discard command keeps
all header-fields except those explicitly discarded. If headers exist on the retained
header list, discard and ignore commands are ignored.

EXAMPLES

None.

RATIONALE

The standard developers felt strongly that a method for applications to send messages to
specific users was necessary. The obvious example is a batch utility, running non-
interactively, that wishes to communicate errors or results to a user. However, the actual
format, delivery mechanism, and method of reading the message are clearly beyond the scope
of this volume of POSIX.1‐2008.

The intent of this command is to provide a simple, portable interface for sending messages
non-interactively. It merely defines a ``front-end'' to the historical mail system. It is
suggested that implementations explicitly denote the sender and recipient in the body of
the delivered message. Further specification of formats for either the message envelope or
the message itself were deliberately not made, as the industry is in the midst of changing
from the current standards to a more internationalized standard and it is probably
incorrect, at this time, to require either one.

Implementations are encouraged to conform to the various delivery mechanisms described in
the CCITT X.400 standards or to the equivalent Internet standards, described in Internet
Request for Comment (RFC) documents RFC 819, RFC 822, RFC 920, RFC 921, and RFC 1123.

Many historical systems modified each body line that started with From by prefixing the
'F' with '>'. It is unnecessary, but allowed, to do that when the string does not follow
a blank line because it cannot be confused with the next header.

The edit and visual commands merely edit the specified messages in a temporary file. They
do not modify the contents of those messages in the mailbox; such a capability could be
added as an extension, such as by using different command names.

The restriction on a subject line being {LINE_MAX}−10 bytes is based on the historical
format that consumes 10 bytes for Subject: and the trailing <newline>. Many historical
mailers that a message may encounter on other systems are not able to handle lines that
long, however.

Like the utilities logger and lp, mailx admittedly is difficult to test. This was not
deemed sufficient justification to exclude this utility from this volume of POSIX.1‐2008.
It is also arguable that it is, in fact, testable, but that the tests themselves are not
portable.

When mailx is being used by an application that wishes to receive the results as if none
of the User Portability Utilities option features were supported, the DEAD environment
variable must be set to /dev/null. Otherwise, it may be subject to the file creations
described in mailx ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS. Similarly, if the MAILRC environment variable is
not set to /dev/null, historical versions of mailx and Mail read initialization commands
from a file before processing begins. Since the initialization that a user specifies
could alter the contents of messages an application is trying to send, such applications
must set MAILRC to /dev/null.

The description of LC_TIME uses ``may affect'' because many historical implementations do
not or cannot manipulate the date and time strings in the incoming mail headers. Some
headers found in incoming mail do not have enough information to determine the timezone in
which the mail originated, and, therefore, mailx cannot convert the date and time strings
into the internal form that then is parsed by routines like strftime() that can take
LC_TIME settings into account. Changing all these times to a user-specified format is
allowed, but not required.

The paginator selected when PAGER is null or unset is partially unspecified to allow the
System V historical practice of using pg as the default. Bypassing the pagination
function, such as by declaring that cat is the paginator, would not meet with the intended
meaning of this description. However, any ``portable user'' would have to set PAGER
explicitly to get his or her preferred paginator on all systems. The paginator choice was
made partially unspecified, unlike the VISUAL editor choice (mandated to be vi) because
most historical pagers follow a common theme of user input, whereas editors differ
dramatically.

Options to specify addresses as cc (carbon copy) or bcc (blind carbon copy) were
considered to be format details and were omitted.

A zero exit status implies that all messages were sent, but it gives no assurances that
any of them were actually delivered. The reliability of the delivery mechanism is
unspecified and is an appropriate marketing distinction between systems.

In order to conform to the Utility Syntax Guidelines, a solution was required to the
optional file option-argument to −f. By making file an operand, the guidelines are
satisfied and users remain portable. However, it does force implementations to support
usage such as:

mailx −fin mymail.box

The no name method of unsetting variables is not present in all historical systems, but it
is in System V and provides a logical set of commands corresponding to the format of the
display of options from the mailx set command without arguments.

The ask and asksub variables are the names selected by BSD and System V, respectively, for
the same feature. They are synonyms in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008.

The mailx echo command was not documented in the BSD version and has been omitted here
because it is not obviously useful for interactive users.

The default prompt on the System V mailx is a <question-mark>, on BSD Mail an <ampersand>.
Since this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 chose the mailx name, it kept the System V default,
assuming that BSD users would not have difficulty with this minor incompatibility (that
they can override).

The meanings of r and R are reversed between System V mailx and SunOS Mail. Once again,
since this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 chose the mailx name, it kept the System V default, but
allows the SunOS user to achieve the desired results using flipr, an internal variable in
System V mailx, although it has not been documented in the SVID.

The indentprefix variable, the retain and unalias commands, and the ~F and ~M command
escapes were adopted from 4.3 BSD Mail.

The version command was not included because no sufficiently general specification of the
version information could be devised that would still be useful to a portable user. This
command name should be used by suppliers who wish to provide version information about the
mailx command.

The ``implementation-specific (unspecified) system start-up file'' historically has been
named /etc/mailx.rc, but this specific name and location are not required.

The intent of the wording for the next command is that if any command has already
displayed the current message it should display a following message, but, otherwise, it
should display the current message. Consider the command sequence:

next 3
delete 3
next

where the autoprint option was not set. The normative text specifies that the second next
command should display a message following the third message, because even though the
current message has not been displayed since it was set by the delete command, it has been
displayed since the current message was anything other than message number 3. This does
not always match historical practice in some implementations, where the command file
address followed by next (or the default command) would skip the message for which the
user had searched.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

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