mysql_upgrade - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

mysql_upgrade - check and upgrade MySQL tables

SYNOPSIS

mysql_upgrade [options]

DESCRIPTION

mysql_upgrade examines all tables in all databases for incompatibilities with the current
version of MySQL Server. mysql_upgrade also upgrades the system tables so that you can
take advantage of new privileges or capabilities that might have been added.

If mysql_upgrade finds that a table has a possible incompatibility, it performs a table
check and, if problems are found, attempts a table repair. If the table cannot be
repaired, see Section 2.11.4, “Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes” for manual table
repair strategies.

You should execute mysql_upgrade each time you upgrade MySQL.

If you install MySQL from RPM packages on Linux, you must install the server and client
RPMs. mysql_upgrade is included in the server RPM but requires the client RPM because the
latter includes mysqlcheck. (See Section 2.5.4, “Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM
Packages”.)

Note
On Windows Server 2008, Vista, and newer, you must run mysql_upgrade with
administrator privileges. You can do this by running a Command Prompt as Administrator
and running the command. Failure to do so may result in the upgrade failing to execute
correctly.

Caution
You should always back up your current MySQL installation before performing an
upgrade. See Section 7.2, “Database Backup Methods”.

Some upgrade incompatibilities may require special handling before you upgrade your
MySQL installation and run mysql_upgrade. See Section 2.11.1, “Upgrading MySQL”, for
instructions on determining whether any such incompatibilities apply to your
installation and how to handle them.

To use mysql_upgrade, make sure that the server is running. Then invoke it like this:

shell> mysql_upgrade [options]

After running mysql_upgrade, stop the server and restart it so that any changes made to
the system tables take effect.

If you have multiple MySQL server instances running, invoke mysql_upgrade with connection
parameters appropriate for connecting to the desired server. For example, with servers
running on the local host on parts 3306 through 3308, upgrade each of them by connecting
to the appropriate port:

shell> mysql_upgrade --protocol=tcp -P 3306 [other_options]
shell> mysql_upgrade --protocol=tcp -P 3307 [other_options]
shell> mysql_upgrade --protocol=tcp -P 3308 [other_options]

For local host connections on Unix, the --protocol=tcp option forces a connection using
TCP/IP rather than the Unix socket file.

mysql_upgrade executes the following commands to check and repair tables and to upgrade
the system tables:

mysqlcheck --no-defaults --databases
--fix-db-names --fix-table-names mysql
mysqlcheck --no-defaults --check-upgrade --databases
--auto-repair mysql
mysql < fix_priv_tables
mysqlcheck --no-defaults --all-databases
--skip-database=mysql --fix-db-names --fix-table-names
mysqlcheck --no-defaults --check-upgrade --all-databases
--skip-database=mysql --auto-repair

Notes about the preceding commands:

· mysql_upgrade also adds --write-binlog or --skip-write-binlog to the mysqlcheck
commands, depending on whether the --write-binlog option was specified on the
mysql_upgrade command.

· Because mysql_upgrade invokes mysqlcheck with the --all-databases option, it processes
all tables in all databases, which might take a long time to complete. Each table is
locked and therefore unavailable to other sessions while it is being processed. Check
and repair operations can be time-consuming, particularly for large tables.

· For details about what checks the --check-upgrade option entails, see the description
of the FOR UPGRADE option of the CHECK TABLE statement (see Section 13.7.2.2, “CHECK
TABLE Syntax”).

· fix_priv_tables represents a script generated internally by mysql_upgrade that
contains SQL statements to upgrade the tables in the mysql database.

All checked and repaired tables are marked with the current MySQL version number. This
ensures that next time you run mysql_upgrade with the same version of the server, it can
tell whether there is any need to check or repair the table again.

mysql_upgrade also saves the MySQL version number in a file named mysql_upgrade_info in
the data directory. This is used to quickly check whether all tables have been checked for
this release so that table-checking can be skipped. To ignore this file and perform the
check regardless, use the --force option.

mysql_upgrade does not upgrade the contents of the help tables. For upgrade instructions,
see Section 5.1.10, “Server-Side Help”.

By default, mysql_upgrade runs as the MySQL root user. If the root password is expired
when you run mysql_upgrade, you will see a message that your password is expired and that
mysql_upgrade failed as a result. To correct this, reset the root password to unexpire it
and run mysql_upgrade again:

shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password: **** <- enter root password here
mysql> SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('root-password');
mysql> quit
shell> mysql_upgrade [options]

mysql_upgrade supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line
or in the [mysql_upgrade] and [client] groups of an option file. Unrecognized options are
passed to mysqlcheck. For information about option files, see Section 4.2.6, “Using Option
Files”.

· --help

Display a short help message and exit.

· --basedir=dir_name

The path to the MySQL installation directory. This option is accepted for backward
compatibility but ignored. It is removed in MySQL 5.7.

· --character-sets-dir=path

The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 10.5, “Character Set
Configuration”.

· --compress

Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support
compression.

· --datadir=dir_name

The path to the data directory. This option is accepted for backward compatibility but
ignored. It is removed in MySQL 5.7.

· --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]

Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is d:t:o,file_name. The default
is d:t:O,/tmp/mysql_upgrade.trace.

· --debug-check

Print some debugging information when the program exits.

· --debug-info, -T

Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program
exits.

· --default-auth=plugin

The client-side authentication plugin to use. See Section 6.3.7, “Pluggable
Authentication”.

This option was added in MySQL 5.6.2.

· --default-character-set=charset_name

Use charset_name as the default character set. See Section 10.5, “Character Set
Configuration”.

· --defaults-extra-file=file_name

Read this option file after the global option file but (on Unix) before the user
option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise inaccessible, an error occurs.
file_name is interpreted relative to the current directory if given as a relative path
name rather than a full path name.

· --defaults-file=file_name

Use only the given option file. If the file does not exist or is otherwise
inaccessible, an error occurs. file_name is interpreted relative to the current
directory if given as a relative path name rather than a full path name.

· --defaults-group-suffix=str

Read not only the usual option groups, but also groups with the usual names and a
suffix of str. For example, mysql_upgrade normally reads the [client] and
[mysql_upgrade] groups. If the --defaults-group-suffix=_other option is given,
mysql_upgrade also reads the [client_other] and [mysql_upgrade_other] groups.

· --force

Ignore the mysql_upgrade_info file and force execution even if mysql_upgrade has
already been executed for the current version of MySQL.

· --host=host_name, -h host_name

Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

· --login-path=name

Read options from the named login path in the .mylogin.cnf login file. A “login path”
is an option group that permits only a limited set of options: host, user, and
password. Think of a login path as a set of values that indicate the server host and
the credentials for authenticating with the server. To create the login path file, use
the mysql_config_editor utility. See mysql_config_editor(1). This option was added in
MySQL 5.6.6.

· --no-defaults

Do not read any option files. If program startup fails due to reading unknown options
from an option file, --no-defaults can be used to prevent them from being read.

The exception is that the .mylogin.cnf file, if it exists, is read in all cases. This
permits passwords to be specified in a safer way than on the command line even when
--no-defaults is used. (.mylogin.cnf is created by the mysql_config_editor utility.
See mysql_config_editor(1).)

· --password[=password], -p[password]

The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form
(-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the
password value following the --password or -p option on the command line,
mysql_upgrade prompts for one.

Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See
Section 6.1.2.1, “End-User Guidelines for Password Security”. You can use an option
file to avoid giving the password on the command line.

· --pipe, -W

On Windows, connect to the server using a named pipe. This option applies only if the
server supports named-pipe connections.

· --plugin-dir=path

The directory in which to look for plugins. It may be necessary to specify this option
if the --default-auth option is used to specify an authentication plugin but
mysql_upgrade does not find it. See Section 6.3.7, “Pluggable Authentication”.

This option was added in MySQL 5.6.2.

· --port=port_num, -P port_num

The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

· --print-defaults

Print the program name and all options that it gets from option files.

· --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}

The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the
other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other than the
one you want. For details on the permissible values, see Section 4.2.2, “Connecting to
the MySQL Server”.

· --shared-memory-base-name=name

On Windows, the shared-memory name to use, for connections made using shared memory to
a local server. The default value is MYSQL. The shared-memory name is case sensitive.

The server must be started with the --shared-memory option to enable shared-memory
connections.

· --socket=path, -S path

For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of
the named pipe to use.

· --ssl*

Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server using SSL and
indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 6.3.10.4, “SSL Command
Options”.

· --tmpdir=dir_name, -t path

The path name of the directory to use for creating temporary files.

· --upgrade-system-tables, -s

Upgrade only the system tables, do not upgrade data.

· --user=user_name, -u user_name

The MySQL user name to use when connecting to the server. The default user name is
root.

· --verbose

Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

· --version-check, -k

Check the version of the server to which mysql_upgrade is connecting to verify that it
is the same as the version for which mysql_upgrade was built. If not, mysql_upgrade
exits. This option is enabled by default; to disable the check, use
--skip-version-check. This option was added in MySQL 5.6.12.

· --write-binlog

Cause binary logging to be enabled while mysql_upgrade runs. In MySQL 5.6.6 and
earlier, this was the default behavior. (To disable binary logging during the upgrade,
it was necessary to use the inverse of this option, by starting the program with
--skip-write-binlog.) Beginning with MySQL 5.6.7, binary logging by mysql_upgrade is
disabled by default (Bug #14221043). Invoke the program explicitly with --write-binlog
if you want its actions to be written to the binary log. (Also beginning with MySQL
5.6.7, the --skip-write-binlog option effectively does nothing.)

Running mysql_upgrade is not recommended with a MySQL Server that is running with
global transaction identifiers enabled (Bug #13833710). This is because enabling GTIDs
means that any updates which mysql_upgrade might need to perform on system tables
using a nontransactional storage engine such as MyISAM to fail. See Section 17.1.3.4,
“Restrictions on Replication with GTIDs”, for more information.

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PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

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