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PDL::Course - A journey through PDL's documentation, from beginner to advanced.

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This is written by David Mertens with edits by Daniel Carrera.

Preface

PDL's documentation is extensive. Some sections cover deep core magic while others cover
more usual topics like IO and numerical computation. How are these related? Where should
you begin?

This document is an attempt to pull all the key PDL documentation together in a coherent
study course, starting from the beginner level, up to the expert.

I've broken down everything by level of expertise, and within expertise I've covered
documentation, library, and workflow modules. The documentation modules are useful for
what they tell you; the library modules are useful for the functions that they define for
you; the workflow modules are useful for the way that they allow you to get your work done
in new and different ways.

Introductory

If you are new to PDL, these documentation modules will get you started down the right
path for using PDL.

Documentation
Modules that tell you how to start using PDL. Many of these are library modules
technically, but they are included when you "use PDL", so I've included them for their
documentation.

After the first three, most of the docs listed below are rather dry. Perhaps they would be
better summarized by tables or better synopses. You should at least scan through them to
familiarize yourself with the basic capabilities of PDL.

· PDL::Philosophy, PDL::QuickStart

A couple of brief introductions to PDL. The second one is a bit more hands-on. If you
are new to PDL, you should start with these.

· PDL::Basic

Covers basic piddle-creation routines like "sequence", "rvals", and "logxvals" to name
a random few. Also covers "hist" and "transpose".

· PDL::Ufunc

Explains a large collection of built-in functions which, given an N-dimension piddle,
will create a piddle with N-1 dimensions.

· PDL::NiceSlice

PDL came of age right around the turn of the millennium and NiceSlice came on the
scene slightly after that. Some of the docs still haven't caught up. NiceSlice is
the 'modern' way to slice and dice your piddles. Read the Synopsis, then scroll down
to The New Slicing Syntax. After you've read to the bottom, return to and read the
stuff at the top.

· PDL::Primitive

Defines a whole slew of useful built-in functions. These are the sorts of things that
beginners are likely to write to the list and say, "How do I do xxx?" You would be
well on your way to learning the ropes after you've gotten through this document.

· Selections from PDL::Core

Like PDL::Primitive, defines a large set of useful functions. Unfortunately, some of
the functions are quite esoteric, but are mixed in with the rest of the simple and
easy ones. Skim the whole document, skipping over the complicated functions for now.
I would point out in particular the function "approx".

Workflow
· The perldl or pdl2 Shell

The Perldl Shell is a REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop, in other words, a prompt or
shell) that allows you to work with PDL (or any Perl, for that matter) in 'real time',
loading data from files, plotting, manipulating... Anything you can do in a script,
you can do in the PDL Shell, with instant feedback!

Libraries
· PDL

The main workhorse module. You'll include this in nearly every PDL program you write.

Normal Usage

The sorts of modules that you'll likely use on a normal basis in scripts or from within
the perldl shell. Some of these modules you may never use, but you should still be aware
that they exist, just in case you need their functionality.

Documentation
· PDL::Slices

In addition to explaining the original slicing and dicing functions - for which you
can usually use PDL::NiceSlice - this also covers many dimension-handling functions
such as "mv", "xchg", and "reorder". This also thoroughly documents the "range"
function, which can be very powerful, and covers a number of internal functions, which
can probably be skipped.

· PDL::Indexing

This covers a lot of the deeper conceptual ground that you'll need to grasp to really
use PDL to its full potential. It gets more complex as you go along, so don't be
troubled if you find yourself loosing interest half way through. However, reading
this document all the way through will bring you much closer to PDL enlightenment.

· PDL::IO

PDL has quite a few IO modules, most of which are discussed in this summary module.

· PDL::Tips

A collection of some of Tuomas's ideas for making good use of PDL.

· PDL::BadValues

Explains what bad values are and how and why they are implemented.

· Selections from Inline::Pdlpp

Although writing PDL::PP code is considered an Advanced topic, and is covered in the
next section, you should be aware that it is possible (and surprisingly simple) to
write PDL-aware code. You needn't read the whole thing at this point, but to get some
feel for how it works, you should read everything up through the first example. A
copy of this documentation is contained in PDL::PP-Inline.

· PDL::Objects

Explains how to subclass a piddle object.

· PDL::Index

This was discussed in the Preface. It is an automatically generated file that lists
all of the PDL modules on your computer. There are many modules that may be on your
machine but which are not documented here, such as bindings to the FFTW library, or
GSL. Give it a read!

Libraries
· PDL::Complex

Complex number support. No, PDL does not have complex number support built into the
core, but this should help you out.

· PDL::FFT

PDL's own Fast Fourier Transform. If you have FFTW, then you should probably make use
of it; this is PDL's internal implementation and should always be available.

· GSL

PDL does not have bindings for every sub-library in the GNU Scientific Library, but it
has quite a few. If you have GSL installed on your machine then chances are decent
that your PDL has the GSL bindings. For a full list of the GSL bindings, check
PDL::Index.

· PDL::Func

A somewhat uniform interface to the different interpolation modules in PDL.

· PDL::Bad

Includes some basic bad-value functionality, including functions to query if a piddle
has bad values ("isbad") and functions to set certain elements as bad ("setbadat" and
"setbadif"). Among other places, bad values are used in PDL::Graphics::PLplot's
xyplot to make a gap in a line plot.

· PDL::DiskCache

A cool module that allows you to tie a Perl array to a collection of files on your
disk, which will be loaded into and out of memory as piddles. If you find yourself
writing scripts to process many data files, especially if that data processing is not
necessarily in sequential order, you should consider using PDL::DiskCache.

· PDL::Char

A PDL subclass that allows you to store and manipulate collections of fixed-length
character strings using PDL.

· PDL::Image2D

A whole collection of methods for manipulating images whose image data are stored in a
piddle. These include methods for convolutions (smoothing), polygon fills, scaling,
rotation, and warping, among others.

· PDL::ImageND

Contains a few functions that are conceptually related to image processing, but which
can be defined for higher-dimensional data. For examples this module defines high-
dimensional convolution and interpolation, among others.

· PDL::ImageRGB

Defines some useful functions for working with RBG image data. It's not very feature-
full, but it may have something you need, and if not, you can always add more!

· PDL::Transform

Creates the transform class, which allows you to create various coordinate transforms.
For example, if you data is a collection of Cartesian coordinates, you could create a
transform object to convert them to Spherical-Polar coordinates (although many such
standard coordinate transformations are predefined for you, in this case it's called
"t_spherical").

· PDL::Opt::Simplex

This package states that it "implements the commonly used simplex optimization
algorithm." I'm going to assume that if you need this algorithm then you already know
what it is.

· PDL::Math

A collection of fairly standard math functions, like the inverse trigonometric
functions, hyperbolic functions and their inverses, and others. This module is
included in the standard call to "use PDL", but not in the Lite versions.

· PDL::Matrix

Provides a few functions that use the standard mathematical Matrix notation of row-
column indexing rather than the PDL-standard column-row. It appears that this module
has not been heavily tested with other modules, so although it should work with other
modules, don't be surprised if something breaks when you use it (and feel free to
offer any fixes that you may develop).

· PDL::MatrixOps

Provides many standard matrix operations for piddles, such as computing eigenvalues,
inverting square matrices, LU-decomposition, and solving a system of linear equations.
Though it is not built on PDL::Matrix, it should generally work with that module.
Also, the methods provided by this module do not depend on external libraries such as
Slatec or GSL.

· PDL::Reduce

Implements an interface to all the functions that return piddles with one less
dimension (for example, "sumover"), such that they can be called by suppling their
name, as a string.

Workflow
· PDL::AutoLoader

Enables Matlab-style autoloading. When you call an unknown function, instead of
complaining and croaking, PDL will go hunt around in the directories you specify in
search of a like-named file. Particularly useful when used with the Perldl Shell.

· PDL::Dbg

Declares the "px" function, which can be handy for debugging your PDL scripts and/or
perldl shell commands.

· PDL::Options

Suppose you define a powerful, versatile function. Chances are good that you'll
accept the arguments in the form of a hash or hashref. Now you face the problem of
processing that hashref. PDL::Options assists you in writing code to process those
options. (You'd think Perl would have tons of these sorts of modules lying around,
but I couldn't find any.) Note this module does not depend on PDL for its usage or
installation.

· PDL::pdldoc

Ever fired-up the perldl shell just to look up the help for a particular function?
You can use "pdldoc" instead. This shell script extracts information from the help
index without needing to start the perldl shell.

Advanced Usage

The sorts of modules and documentation that you'll use if you write modules that use PDL,
or if you work on PDL maintenance. These modules can be difficult to use, but enable you
to tackle some of your harder problems.

· PDL::Lite, PDL::LiteF

Lite-weight replacements for "use PDL", from the standpoint of namespace pollution and
load time.

· Inline::Pdlpp

This was mentioned earlier. Before you begin reading about PDL::PP (next), you should
remind yourself about how to use this. Inline::Pdlpp will help you experiment with
PDL::PP without having to go through the trouble of building a module and constructing
makefiles (but see PDL::pptemplate for help on that).

· PDL::PP

The PDL Pre-Processor, which vastly simplifies making you C or Fortran code play with
Perl and piddles. Most of PDL's basic functionality is written using PDL::PP, so if
you're thinking about how you might integrate some numerical library written in C,
look no further.

· PDL::pptemplate

A script that automates the creation of modules that use PDL::PP, which should make
your life as a module author a bit simpler.

· PDL::CallExt

Allows you to call functions using external shared libraries. This is an alternative
to using PDL::PP. The major difference between PDL::PP and PDL::CallExt is that the
former will handle threading over implicit thread dimensions for you, whereas
PDL::CallExt simply calls an external function. PDL::PP is generally the recommended
way to interface your code with PDL, but it wouldn't be Perl if there wasn't another
way to do it.

· PDL::Config

Defines the %PDL::Config hash, which has lots of useful information pertinent to your
PDL build.

· PDL::Doc

Explanation of the PDL documentation conventions, and an interface to the PDL
Documentation parser. Following these guidelines when writing documentation for PDL
functions will ensure that your wonderful documentation is accessible from the perldl
shell and from calls to "barf". (Did you notice that "barf" used your documentation?
Time to reread PDL::Core...)

· PDL::Exporter

A simple replacement for the standard Exporter module. The only major difference is
that the default imported modules are those marked ':Func'.

· PDL::Types

Defines some useful functions for getting a piddle's type, as well as getting
information about that type.

· PDL::Version

Simply defines the scalar $PDL::Version::Version with the current version of PDL, as
defined in PDL.pm. This is most useful if you distribute your own module on CPAN, use
PDL::Lite or PDL::LiteF and want to make sure that your users have a recent-enough
version of PDL. Since the variable is defined in PDL.pm, you don't need this module
if you "use PDL".

Expert Usage

· PDL::Core::Dev

Provides some decently useful functions that are pretty much only needed by the PDL
Porters.

· PDL::API

Explains how to make a piddle by hand, from Perl or your C source code, using the PDL
API.

· PDL::Internals

Explains the nitty-gritty of the PDL data structures. After reading this (a few times
:), you should be able to create a piddle completely from scratch (i.e. without using
the PDL API). Put a little differently, if you want to understand how PDL::PP works,
you'll need to read this.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2010 David Mertens ([email protected]). You can distribute and/or modify
this document under the same terms as the current Perl license.

See: http://dev.perl.org/licenses/

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