perldiag - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

perldiag - various Perl diagnostics

DESCRIPTION

These messages are classified as follows (listed in increasing order of desperation):

(W) A warning (optional).
(D) A deprecation (enabled by default).
(S) A severe warning (enabled by default).
(F) A fatal error (trappable).
(P) An internal error you should never see (trappable).
(X) A very fatal error (nontrappable).
(A) An alien error message (not generated by Perl).

The majority of messages from the first three classifications above (W, D & S) can be
controlled using the "warnings" pragma.

If a message can be controlled by the "warnings" pragma, its warning category is included
with the classification letter in the description below. E.g. "(W closed)" means a
warning in the "closed" category.

Optional warnings are enabled by using the "warnings" pragma or the -w and -W switches.
Warnings may be captured by setting $SIG{__WARN__} to a reference to a routine that will
be called on each warning instead of printing it. See perlvar.

Severe warnings are always enabled, unless they are explicitly disabled with the
"warnings" pragma or the -X switch.

Trappable errors may be trapped using the eval operator. See "eval" in perlfunc. In
almost all cases, warnings may be selectively disabled or promoted to fatal errors using
the "warnings" pragma. See warnings.

The messages are in alphabetical order, without regard to upper or lower-case. Some of
these messages are generic. Spots that vary are denoted with a %s or other printf-style
escape. These escapes are ignored by the alphabetical order, as are all characters other
than letters. To look up your message, just ignore anything that is not a letter.

accept() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to do an accept on a closed socket. Did you forget to check the
return value of your socket() call? See "accept" in perlfunc.

Aliasing via reference is experimental
(S experimental::refaliasing) This warning is emitted if you use a reference
constructor on the left-hand side of an assignment to alias one variable to another.
Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the feature, but know that in doing so
you are taking the risk of using an experimental feature which may change or be
removed in a future Perl version:

no warnings "experimental::refaliasing";
use feature "refaliasing";
\$x = \$y;

Allocation too large: %x
(X) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine.

'%c' allowed only after types %s in %s
(F) The modifiers '!', '<' and '>' are allowed in pack() or unpack() only after
certain types. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &
(W ambiguous) A subroutine you have declared has the same name as a Perl keyword, and
you have used the name without qualification for calling one or the other. Perl
decided to call the builtin because the subroutine is not imported.

To force interpretation as a subroutine call, either put an ampersand before the
subroutine name, or qualify the name with its package. Alternatively, you can import
the subroutine (or pretend that it's imported with the "use subs" pragma).

To silently interpret it as the Perl operator, use the "CORE::" prefix on the operator
(e.g. "CORE::log($x)") or declare the subroutine to be an object method (see
"Subroutine Attributes" in perlsub or attributes).

Ambiguous range in transliteration operator
(F) You wrote something like "tr/a-z-0//" which doesn't mean anything at all. To
include a "-" character in a transliteration, put it either first or last. (In the
past, "tr/a-z-0//" was synonymous with "tr/a-y//", which was probably not what you
would have expected.)

Ambiguous use of %s resolved as %s
(S ambiguous) You said something that may not be interpreted the way you thought.
Normally it's pretty easy to disambiguate it by supplying a missing quote, operator,
parenthesis pair or declaration.

Ambiguous use of -%s resolved as -&%s()
(S ambiguous) You wrote something like "-foo", which might be the string "-foo", or a
call to the function "foo", negated. If you meant the string, just write "-foo". If
you meant the function call, write "-foo()".

Ambiguous use of %c resolved as operator %c
(S ambiguous) "%", "&", and "*" are both infix operators (modulus, bitwise and, and
multiplication) and initial special characters (denoting hashes, subroutines and
typeglobs), and you said something like "*foo * foo" that might be interpreted as
either of them. We assumed you meant the infix operator, but please try to make it
more clear -- in the example given, you might write "*foo * foo()" if you really meant
to multiply a glob by the result of calling a function.

Ambiguous use of %c{%s} resolved to %c%s
(W ambiguous) You wrote something like "@{foo}", which might be asking for the
variable @foo, or it might be calling a function named foo, and dereferencing it as an
array reference. If you wanted the variable, you can just write @foo. If you wanted
to call the function, write "@{foo()}" ... or you could just not have a variable and a
function with the same name, and save yourself a lot of trouble.

Ambiguous use of %c{%s[...]} resolved to %c%s[...]
Ambiguous use of %c{%s{...}} resolved to %c%s{...}
(W ambiguous) You wrote something like "${foo[2]}" (where foo represents the name of a
Perl keyword), which might be looking for element number 2 of the array named @foo, in
which case please write $foo[2], or you might have meant to pass an anonymous arrayref
to the function named foo, and then do a scalar deref on the value it returns. If you
meant that, write "${foo([2])}".

In regular expressions, the "${foo[2]}" syntax is sometimes necessary to disambiguate
between array subscripts and character classes. "/$length[2345]/", for instance, will
be interpreted as $length followed by the character class "[2345]". If an array
subscript is what you want, you can avoid the warning by changing "/${length[2345]}/"
to the unsightly "/${\$length[2345]}/", by renaming your array to something that does
not coincide with a built-in keyword, or by simply turning off warnings with "no
warnings 'ambiguous';".

'|' and '<' may not both be specified on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and found
that STDIN was a pipe, and that you also tried to redirect STDIN using '<'. Only one
STDIN stream to a customer, please.

'|' and '>' may not both be specified on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and thinks
you tried to redirect stdout both to a file and into a pipe to another command. You
need to choose one or the other, though nothing's stopping you from piping into a
program or Perl script which 'splits' output into two streams, such as

open(OUT,">$ARGV[0]") or die "Can't write to $ARGV[0]: $!";
while (<STDIN>) {
print;
print OUT;
}
close OUT;

Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s)
(W misc) The pattern match ("//"), substitution ("s///"), and transliteration
("tr///") operators work on scalar values. If you apply one of them to an array or a
hash, it will convert the array or hash to a scalar value (the length of an array, or
the population info of a hash) and then work on that scalar value. This is probably
not what you meant to do. See "grep" in perlfunc and "map" in perlfunc for
alternatives.

Arg too short for msgsnd
(F) msgsnd() requires a string at least as long as sizeof(long).

Argument "%s" isn't numeric%s
(W numeric) The indicated string was fed as an argument to an operator that expected a
numeric value instead. If you're fortunate the message will identify which operator
was so unfortunate.

Note that for the "Inf" and "NaN" (infinity and not-a-number) the definition of
"numeric" is somewhat unusual: the strings themselves (like "Inf") are considered
numeric, and anything following them is considered non-numeric.

Argument list not closed for PerlIO layer "%s"
(W layer) When pushing a layer with arguments onto the Perl I/O system you forgot the
) that closes the argument list. (Layers take care of transforming data between
external and internal representations.) Perl stopped parsing the layer list at this
point and did not attempt to push this layer. If your program didn't explicitly
request the failing operation, it may be the result of the value of the environment
variable PERLIO.

Argument "%s" treated as 0 in increment (++)
(W numeric) The indicated string was fed as an argument to the "++" operator which
expects either a number or a string matching "/^[a-zA-Z]*[0-9]*\z/". See "Auto-
increment and Auto-decrement" in perlop for details.

assertion botched: %s
(X) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an internal failure.

Assertion %s failed: file "%s", line %d
(X) A general assertion failed. The file in question must be examined.

Assigned value is not a reference
(F) You tried to assign something that was not a reference to an lvalue reference
(e.g., "\$x = $y"). If you meant to make $x an alias to $y, use "\$x = \$y".

Assigned value is not %s reference
(F) You tried to assign a reference to a reference constructor, but the two references
were not of the same type. You cannot alias a scalar to an array, or an array to a
hash; the two types must match.

\$x = \@y; # error
\@x = \%y; # error
$y = [];
\$x = $y; # error; did you mean \$y?

Assigning non-zero to $[ is no longer possible
(F) When the "array_base" feature is disabled (e.g., under "use v5.16;") the special
variable $[, which is deprecated, is now a fixed zero value.

Assignment to both a list and a scalar
(F) If you assign to a conditional operator, the 2nd and 3rd arguments must either
both be scalars or both be lists. Otherwise Perl won't know which context to supply
to the right side.

<> at require-statement should be quotes
(F) You wrote "require <file>" when you should have written "require 'file'".

Attempt to access disallowed key '%s' in a restricted hash
(F) The failing code has attempted to get or set a key which is not in the current set
of allowed keys of a restricted hash.

Attempt to bless into a freed package
(F) You wrote "bless $foo" with one argument after somehow causing the current package
to be freed. Perl cannot figure out what to do, so it throws up in hands in despair.

Attempt to bless into a reference
(F) The CLASSNAME argument to the bless() operator is expected to be the name of the
package to bless the resulting object into. You've supplied instead a reference to
something: perhaps you wrote

bless $self, $proto;

when you intended

bless $self, ref($proto) || $proto;

If you actually want to bless into the stringified version of the reference supplied,
you need to stringify it yourself, for example by:

bless $self, "$proto";

Attempt to clear deleted array
(S debugging) An array was assigned to when it was being freed. Freed values are not
supposed to be visible to Perl code. This can also happen if XS code calls "av_clear"
from a custom magic callback on the array.

Attempt to delete disallowed key '%s' from a restricted hash
(F) The failing code attempted to delete from a restricted hash a key which is not in
its key set.

Attempt to delete readonly key '%s' from a restricted hash
(F) The failing code attempted to delete a key whose value has been declared readonly
from a restricted hash.

Attempt to free non-arena SV: 0x%x
(S internal) All SV objects are supposed to be allocated from arenas that will be
garbage collected on exit. An SV was discovered to be outside any of those arenas.

Attempt to free nonexistent shared string '%s'%s
(S internal) Perl maintains a reference-counted internal table of strings to optimize
the storage and access of hash keys and other strings. This indicates someone tried
to decrement the reference count of a string that can no longer be found in the table.

Attempt to free temp prematurely: SV 0x%x
(S debugging) Mortalized values are supposed to be freed by the free_tmps() routine.
This indicates that something else is freeing the SV before the free_tmps() routine
gets a chance, which means that the free_tmps() routine will be freeing an
unreferenced scalar when it does try to free it.

Attempt to free unreferenced glob pointers
(S internal) The reference counts got screwed up on symbol aliases.

Attempt to free unreferenced scalar: SV 0x%x
(S internal) Perl went to decrement the reference count of a scalar to see if it would
go to 0, and discovered that it had already gone to 0 earlier, and should have been
freed, and in fact, probably was freed. This could indicate that SvREFCNT_dec() was
called too many times, or that SvREFCNT_inc() was called too few times, or that the SV
was mortalized when it shouldn't have been, or that memory has been corrupted.

Attempt to pack pointer to temporary value
(W pack) You tried to pass a temporary value (like the result of a function, or a
computed expression) to the "p" pack() template. This means the result contains a
pointer to a location that could become invalid anytime, even before the end of the
current statement. Use literals or global values as arguments to the "p" pack()
template to avoid this warning.

Attempt to reload %s aborted.
(F) You tried to load a file with "use" or "require" that failed to compile once
already. Perl will not try to compile this file again unless you delete its entry
from %INC. See "require" in perlfunc and "%INC" in perlvar.

Attempt to set length of freed array
(W misc) You tried to set the length of an array which has been freed. You can do
this by storing a reference to the scalar representing the last index of an array and
later assigning through that reference. For example

$r = do {my @a; \$#a};
$$r = 503

Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr
(W substr) You supplied a reference as the first argument to substr() used as an
lvalue, which is pretty strange. Perhaps you forgot to dereference it first. See
"substr" in perlfunc.

Attribute "locked" is deprecated
(D deprecated) You have used the attributes pragma to modify the "locked" attribute on
a code reference. The :locked attribute is obsolete, has had no effect since 5005
threads were removed, and will be removed in a future release of Perl 5.

Attribute prototype(%s) discards earlier prototype attribute in same sub
(W misc) A sub was declared as sub foo : prototype(A) : prototype(B) {}, for example.
Since each sub can only have one prototype, the earlier declaration(s) are discarded
while the last one is applied.

Attribute "unique" is deprecated
(D deprecated) You have used the attributes pragma to modify the "unique" attribute on
an array, hash or scalar reference. The :unique attribute has had no effect since
Perl 5.8.8, and will be removed in a future release of Perl 5.

av_reify called on tied array
(S debugging) This indicates that something went wrong and Perl got very confused
about @_ or @DB::args being tied.

Bad arg length for %s, is %u, should be %d
(F) You passed a buffer of the wrong size to one of msgctl(), semctl() or shmctl().
In C parlance, the correct sizes are, respectively, sizeof(struct msqid_ds *),
sizeof(struct semid_ds *), and sizeof(struct shmid_ds *).

Bad evalled substitution pattern
(F) You've used the "/e" switch to evaluate the replacement for a substitution, but
perl found a syntax error in the code to evaluate, most likely an unexpected right
brace '}'.

Bad filehandle: %s
(F) A symbol was passed to something wanting a filehandle, but the symbol has no
filehandle associated with it. Perhaps you didn't do an open(), or did it in another
package.

Bad free() ignored
(S malloc) An internal routine called free() on something that had never been
malloc()ed in the first place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by setting environment
variable "PERL_BADFREE" to 0.

This message can be seen quite often with DB_File on systems with "hard" dynamic
linking, like "AIX" and "OS/2". It is a bug of "Berkeley DB" which is left unnoticed
if "DB" uses forgiving system malloc().

Bad hash
(P) One of the internal hash routines was passed a null HV pointer.

Badly placed ()'s
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

Bad name after %s
(F) You started to name a symbol by using a package prefix, and then didn't finish the
symbol. In particular, you can't interpolate outside of quotes, so

$var = 'myvar';
$sym = mypack::$var;

is not the same as

$var = 'myvar';
$sym = "mypack::$var";

Bad plugin affecting keyword '%s'
(F) An extension using the keyword plugin mechanism violated the plugin API.

Bad realloc() ignored
(S malloc) An internal routine called realloc() on something that had never been
malloc()ed in the first place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by setting the
environment variable "PERL_BADFREE" to 1.

Bad symbol for array
(P) An internal request asked to add an array entry to something that wasn't a symbol
table entry.

Bad symbol for dirhandle
(P) An internal request asked to add a dirhandle entry to something that wasn't a
symbol table entry.

Bad symbol for filehandle
(P) An internal request asked to add a filehandle entry to something that wasn't a
symbol table entry.

Bad symbol for hash
(P) An internal request asked to add a hash entry to something that wasn't a symbol
table entry.

Bad symbol for scalar
(P) An internal request asked to add a scalar entry to something that wasn't a symbol
table entry.

Bareword found in conditional
(W bareword) The compiler found a bareword where it expected a conditional, which
often indicates that an || or && was parsed as part of the last argument of the
previous construct, for example:

open FOO || die;

It may also indicate a misspelled constant that has been interpreted as a bareword:

use constant TYPO => 1;
if (TYOP) { print "foo" }

The "strict" pragma is useful in avoiding such errors.

Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
(F) With "strict subs" in use, a bareword is only allowed as a subroutine identifier,
in curly brackets or to the left of the "=>" symbol. Perhaps you need to predeclare a
subroutine?

Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package
(W bareword) You used a qualified bareword of the form "Foo::", but the compiler saw
no other uses of that namespace before that point. Perhaps you need to predeclare a
package?

BEGIN failed--compilation aborted
(F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing a BEGIN subroutine. Compilation
stops immediately and the interpreter is exited.

BEGIN not safe after errors--compilation aborted
(F) Perl found a "BEGIN {}" subroutine (or a "use" directive, which implies a "BEGIN
{}") after one or more compilation errors had already occurred. Since the intended
environment for the "BEGIN {}" could not be guaranteed (due to the errors), and since
subsequent code likely depends on its correct operation, Perl just gave up.

\%d better written as $%d
(W syntax) Outside of patterns, backreferences live on as variables. The use of
backslashes is grandfathered on the right-hand side of a substitution, but
stylistically it's better to use the variable form because other Perl programmers will
expect it, and it works better if there are more than 9 backreferences.

Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable
(W portable) The binary number you specified is larger than 2**32-1 (4294967295) and
therefore non-portable between systems. See perlport for more on portability
concerns.

bind() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to do a bind on a closed socket. Did you forget to check the
return value of your socket() call? See "bind" in perlfunc.

binmode() on closed filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried binmode() on a filehandle that was never opened. Check your
control flow and number of arguments.

Bit vector size > 32 non-portable
(W portable) Using bit vector sizes larger than 32 is non-portable.

Bizarre copy of %s
(P) Perl detected an attempt to copy an internal value that is not copiable.

Bizarre SvTYPE [%d]
(P) When starting a new thread or returning values from a thread, Perl encountered an
invalid data type.

Both or neither range ends should be Unicode in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) (only under "use re 'strict'" or within "(?[...])")

In a bracketed character class in a regular expression pattern, you had a range which
has exactly one end of it specified using "\N{}", and the other end is specified using
a non-portable mechanism. Perl treats the range as a Unicode range, that is, all the
characters in it are considered to be the Unicode characters, and which may be
different code points on some platforms Perl runs on. For example, "[\N{U+06}-\x08]"
is treated as if you had instead said "[\N{U+06}-\N{U+08}]", that is it matches the
characters whose code points in Unicode are 6, 7, and 8. But that "\x08" might
indicate that you meant something different, so the warning gets raised.

Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. While Perl was preparing to iterate over
%ENV, it encountered a logical name or symbol definition which was too long, so it was
truncated to the string shown.

Callback called exit
(F) A subroutine invoked from an external package via call_sv() exited by calling
exit.

%s() called too early to check prototype
(W prototype) You've called a function that has a prototype before the parser saw a
definition or declaration for it, and Perl could not check that the call conforms to
the prototype. You need to either add an early prototype declaration for the
subroutine in question, or move the subroutine definition ahead of the call to get
proper prototype checking. Alternatively, if you are certain that you're calling the
function correctly, you may put an ampersand before the name to avoid the warning.
See perlsub.

Calling POSIX::%s() is deprecated
(D deprecated) You called a function whose use is deprecated. See the function's name
in POSIX for details.

Cannot chr %f
(F) You passed an invalid number (like an infinity or not-a-number) to "chr".

Cannot compress %f in pack
(F) You tried compressing an infinity or not-a-number as an unsigned integer with BER,
which makes no sense.

Cannot compress integer in pack
(F) An argument to pack("w",...) was too large to compress. The BER compressed
integer format can only be used with positive integers, and you attempted to compress
a very large number (> 1e308). See "pack" in perlfunc.

Cannot compress negative numbers in pack
(F) An argument to pack("w",...) was negative. The BER compressed integer format can
only be used with positive integers. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Cannot convert a reference to %s to typeglob
(F) You manipulated Perl's symbol table directly, stored a reference in it, then tried
to access that symbol via conventional Perl syntax. The access triggers Perl to
autovivify that typeglob, but it there is no legal conversion from that type of
reference to a typeglob.

Cannot copy to %s
(P) Perl detected an attempt to copy a value to an internal type that cannot be
directly assigned to.

Cannot find encoding "%s"
(S io) You tried to apply an encoding that did not exist to a filehandle, either with
open() or binmode().

Cannot pack %f with '%c'
(F) You tried converting an infinity or not-a-number to an integer, which makes no
sense.

Cannot printf %f with '%c'
(F) You tried printing an infinity or not-a-number as a character (%c), which makes no
sense. Maybe you meant '%s', or just stringifying it?

Cannot set tied @DB::args
(F) "caller" tried to set @DB::args, but found it tied. Tying @DB::args is not
supported. (Before this error was added, it used to crash.)

Cannot tie unreifiable array
(P) You somehow managed to call "tie" on an array that does not keep a reference count
on its arguments and cannot be made to do so. Such arrays are not even supposed to be
accessible to Perl code, but are only used internally.

Can only compress unsigned integers in pack
(F) An argument to pack("w",...) was not an integer. The BER compressed integer
format can only be used with positive integers, and you attempted to compress
something else. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Can't bless non-reference value
(F) Only hard references may be blessed. This is how Perl "enforces" encapsulation of
objects. See perlobj.

Can't "break" in a loop topicalizer
(F) You called "break", but you're in a "foreach" block rather than a "given" block.
You probably meant to use "next" or "last".

Can't "break" outside a given block
(F) You called "break", but you're not inside a "given" block.

Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value
(F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot filled by the object reference
or package name contains an undefined value. Something like this will reproduce the
error:

$BADREF = undef;
process $BADREF 1,2,3;
$BADREF->process(1,2,3);

Can't call method "%s" on unblessed reference
(F) A method call must know in what package it's supposed to run. It ordinarily finds
this out from the object reference you supply, but you didn't supply an object
reference in this case. A reference isn't an object reference until it has been
blessed. See perlobj.

Can't call method "%s" without a package or object reference
(F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot filled by the object reference
or package name contains an expression that returns a defined value which is neither
an object reference nor a package name. Something like this will reproduce the error:

$BADREF = 42;
process $BADREF 1,2,3;
$BADREF->process(1,2,3);

Can't call mro_isa_changed_in() on anonymous symbol table
(P) Perl got confused as to whether a hash was a plain hash or a symbol table hash
when trying to update @ISA caches.

Can't call mro_method_changed_in() on anonymous symbol table
(F) An XS module tried to call "mro_method_changed_in" on a hash that was not attached
to the symbol table.

Can't chdir to %s
(F) You called "perl -x/foo/bar", but /foo/bar is not a directory that you can chdir
to, possibly because it doesn't exist.

Can't check filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid
(P) For some reason you can't check the filesystem of the script for nosuid.

Can't coerce %s to %s in %s
(F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol table entries (typeglobs), can't
be forced to stop being what they are. So you can't say things like:

*foo += 1;

You CAN say

$foo = *foo;
$foo += 1;

but then $foo no longer contains a glob.

Can't "continue" outside a when block
(F) You called "continue", but you're not inside a "when" or "default" block.

Can't create pipe mailbox
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. The process is suffering from exhausted quotas or other
plumbing problems.

Can't declare %s in "%s"
(F) Only scalar, array, and hash variables may be declared as "my", "our" or "state"
variables. They must have ordinary identifiers as names.

Can't "default" outside a topicalizer
(F) You have used a "default" block that is neither inside a "foreach" loop nor a
"given" block. (Note that this error is issued on exit from the "default" block, so
you won't get the error if you use an explicit "continue".)

Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file
(S inplace) You tried to use the -i switch on a special file, such as a file in /dev,
a FIFO or an uneditable directory. The file was ignored.

Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s
(S inplace) The creation of the new file failed for the indicated reason.

Can't do inplace edit without backup
(F) You're on a system such as MS-DOS that gets confused if you try reading from a
deleted (but still opened) file. You have to say "-i.bak", or some such.

Can't do inplace edit: %s would not be unique
(S inplace) Your filesystem does not support filenames longer than 14 characters and
Perl was unable to create a unique filename during inplace editing with the -i switch.
The file was ignored.

Can't do %s("%s") on non-UTF-8 locale; resolved to "%s".
(W locale) You are 1) running under ""use locale""; 2) the current locale is not a
UTF-8 one; 3) you tried to do the designated case-change operation on the specified
Unicode character; and 4) the result of this operation would mix Unicode and locale
rules, which likely conflict. Mixing of different rule types is forbidden, so the
operation was not done; instead the result is the indicated value, which is the best
available that uses entirely Unicode rules. That turns out to almost always be the
original character, unchanged.

It is generally a bad idea to mix non-UTF-8 locales and Unicode, and this issue is one
of the reasons why. This warning is raised when Unicode rules would normally cause
the result of this operation to contain a character that is in the range specified by
the locale, 0..255, and hence is subject to the locale's rules, not Unicode's.

If you are using locale purely for its characteristics related to things like its
numeric and time formatting (and not "LC_CTYPE"), consider using a restricted form of
the locale pragma (see "The "use locale" pragma" in perllocale) like
""use locale ':not_characters'"".

Note that failed case-changing operations done as a result of case-insensitive "/i"
regular expression matching will show up in this warning as having the "fc" operation
(as that is what the regular expression engine calls behind the scenes.)

Can't do waitpid with flags
(F) This machine doesn't have either waitpid() or wait4(), so only waitpid() without
flags is emulated.

Can't emulate -%s on #! line
(F) The #! line specifies a switch that doesn't make sense at this point. For
example, it'd be kind of silly to put a -x on the #! line.

Can't %s %s-endian %ss on this platform
(F) Your platform's byte-order is neither big-endian nor little-endian, or it has a
very strange pointer size. Packing and unpacking big- or little-endian floating point
values and pointers may not be possible. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Can't exec "%s": %s
(W exec) A system(), exec(), or piped open call could not execute the named program
for the indicated reason. Typical reasons include: the permissions were wrong on the
file, the file wasn't found in $ENV{PATH}, the executable in question was compiled for
another architecture, or the #! line in a script points to an interpreter that can't
be run for similar reasons. (Or maybe your system doesn't support #! at all.)

Can't exec %s
(F) Perl was trying to execute the indicated program for you because that's what the
#! line said. If that's not what you wanted, you may need to mention "perl" on the #!
line somewhere.

Can't execute %s
(F) You used the -S switch, but the copies of the script to execute found in the PATH
did not have correct permissions.

Can't find an opnumber for "%s"
(F) A string of a form "CORE::word" was given to prototype(), but there is no builtin
with the name "word".

Can't find %s character property "%s"
(F) You used "\p{}" or "\P{}" but the character property by that name could not be
found. Maybe you misspelled the name of the property? See "Properties accessible
through \p{} and \P{}" in perluniprops for a complete list of available official
properties.

Can't find label %s
(F) You said to goto a label that isn't mentioned anywhere that it's possible for us
to go to. See "goto" in perlfunc.

Can't find %s on PATH
(F) You used the -S switch, but the script to execute could not be found in the PATH.

Can't find %s on PATH, '.' not in PATH
(F) You used the -S switch, but the script to execute could not be found in the PATH,
or at least not with the correct permissions. The script exists in the current
directory, but PATH prohibits running it.

Can't find string terminator %s anywhere before EOF
(F) Perl strings can stretch over multiple lines. This message means that the closing
delimiter was omitted. Because bracketed quotes count nesting levels, the following
is missing its final parenthesis:

print q(The character '(' starts a side comment.);

If you're getting this error from a here-document, you may have included unseen
whitespace before or after your closing tag or there may not be a linebreak after it.
A good programmer's editor will have a way to help you find these characters (or lack
of characters). See perlop for the full details on here-documents.

Can't find Unicode property definition "%s"
(F) You may have tried to use "\p" which means a Unicode property (for example
"\p{Lu}" matches all uppercase letters). If you did mean to use a Unicode property,
see "Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}" in perluniprops for a complete list
of available properties. If you didn't mean to use a Unicode property, escape the
"\p", either by "\\p" (just the "\p") or by "\Q\p" (the rest of the string, or until
"\E").

Can't fork: %s
(F) A fatal error occurred while trying to fork while opening a pipeline.

Can't fork, trying again in 5 seconds
(W pipe) A fork in a piped open failed with EAGAIN and will be retried after five
seconds.

Can't get filespec - stale stat buffer?
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. This arises because of the difference between access
checks under VMS and under the Unix model Perl assumes. Under VMS, access checks are
done by filename, rather than by bits in the stat buffer, so that ACLs and other
protections can be taken into account. Unfortunately, Perl assumes that the stat
buffer contains all the necessary information, and passes it, instead of the filespec,
to the access-checking routine. It will try to retrieve the filespec using the device
name and FID present in the stat buffer, but this works only if you haven't made a
subsequent call to the CRTL stat() routine, because the device name is overwritten
with each call. If this warning appears, the name lookup failed, and the access-
checking routine gave up and returned FALSE, just to be conservative. (Note: The
access-checking routine knows about the Perl "stat" operator and file tests, so you
shouldn't ever see this warning in response to a Perl command; it arises only if some
internal code takes stat buffers lightly.)

Can't get pipe mailbox device name
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. After creating a mailbox to act as a pipe, Perl can't
retrieve its name for later use.

Can't get SYSGEN parameter value for MAXBUF
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl asked $GETSYI how big you want your mailbox
buffers to be, and didn't get an answer.

Can't "goto" into the middle of a foreach loop
(F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump into the middle of a foreach loop. You
can't get there from here. See "goto" in perlfunc.

Can't "goto" out of a pseudo block
(F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump out of what might look like a block,
except that it isn't a proper block. This usually occurs if you tried to jump out of
a sort() block or subroutine, which is a no-no. See "goto" in perlfunc.

Can't goto subroutine from an eval-%s
(F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump out of an eval "string" or block.

Can't goto subroutine from a sort sub (or similar callback)
(F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump out of the comparison sub for a
sort(), or from a similar callback (such as the reduce() function in List::Util).

Can't goto subroutine outside a subroutine
(F) The deeply magical "goto subroutine" call can only replace one subroutine call for
another. It can't manufacture one out of whole cloth. In general you should be
calling it out of only an AUTOLOAD routine anyway. See "goto" in perlfunc.

Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default
(W signal) Perl has detected that it is being run with the SIGCHLD signal (sometimes
known as SIGCLD) disabled. Since disabling this signal will interfere with proper
determination of exit status of child processes, Perl has reset the signal to its
default value. This situation typically indicates that the parent program under which
Perl may be running (e.g. cron) is being very careless.

Can't kill a non-numeric process ID
(F) Process identifiers must be (signed) integers. It is a fatal error to attempt to
kill() an undefined, empty-string or otherwise non-numeric process identifier.

Can't "last" outside a loop block
(F) A "last" statement was executed to break out of the current block, except that
there's this itty bitty problem called there isn't a current block. Note that an "if"
or "else" block doesn't count as a "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to
sort(), map() or grep(). You can usually double the curlies to get the same effect
though, because the inner curlies will be considered a block that loops once. See
"last" in perlfunc.

Can't linearize anonymous symbol table
(F) Perl tried to calculate the method resolution order (MRO) of a package, but failed
because the package stash has no name.

Can't load '%s' for module %s
(F) The module you tried to load failed to load a dynamic extension. This may either
mean that you upgraded your version of perl to one that is incompatible with your old
dynamic extensions (which is known to happen between major versions of perl), or (more
likely) that your dynamic extension was built against an older version of the library
that is installed on your system. You may need to rebuild your old dynamic
extensions.

Can't localize lexical variable %s
(F) You used local on a variable name that was previously declared as a lexical
variable using "my" or "state". This is not allowed. If you want to localize a
package variable of the same name, qualify it with the package name.

Can't localize through a reference
(F) You said something like "local $$ref", which Perl can't currently handle, because
when it goes to restore the old value of whatever $ref pointed to after the scope of
the local() is finished, it can't be sure that $ref will still be a reference.

Can't locate %s
(F) You said to "do" (or "require", or "use") a file that couldn't be found. Perl
looks for the file in all the locations mentioned in @INC, unless the file name
included the full path to the file. Perhaps you need to set the PERL5LIB or PERL5OPT
environment variable to say where the extra library is, or maybe the script needs to
add the library name to @INC. Or maybe you just misspelled the name of the file. See
"require" in perlfunc and lib.

Can't locate auto/%s.al in @INC
(F) A function (or method) was called in a package which allows autoload, but there is
no function to autoload. Most probable causes are a misprint in a function/method
name or a failure to "AutoSplit" the file, say, by doing "make install".

Can't locate loadable object for module %s in @INC
(F) The module you loaded is trying to load an external library, like for example,
foo.so or bar.dll, but the DynaLoader module was unable to locate this library. See
DynaLoader.

Can't locate object method "%s" via package "%s"
(F) You called a method correctly, and it correctly indicated a package functioning as
a class, but that package doesn't define that particular method, nor does any of its
base classes. See perlobj.

Can't locate object method "%s" via package "%s" (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?)
(F) You called a method on a class that did not exist, and the method could not be
found in UNIVERSAL. This often means that a method requires a package that has not
been loaded.

Can't locate package %s for @%s::ISA
(W syntax) The @ISA array contained the name of another package that doesn't seem to
exist.

Can't locate PerlIO%s
(F) You tried to use in open() a PerlIO layer that does not exist, e.g. open(FH,
">:nosuchlayer", "somefile").

Can't make list assignment to %ENV on this system
(F) List assignment to %ENV is not supported on some systems, notably VMS.

Can't make loaded symbols global on this platform while loading %s
(S) A module passed the flag 0x01 to DynaLoader::dl_load_file() to request that
symbols from the stated file are made available globally within the process, but that
functionality is not available on this platform. Whilst the module likely will still
work, this may prevent the perl interpreter from loading other XS-based extensions
which need to link directly to functions defined in the C or XS code in the stated
file.

Can't modify %s in %s
(F) You aren't allowed to assign to the item indicated, or otherwise try to change it,
such as with an auto-increment.

Can't modify nonexistent substring
(P) The internal routine that does assignment to a substr() was handed a NULL.

Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call
(F) Subroutines meant to be used in lvalue context should be declared as such. See
"Lvalue subroutines" in perlsub.

Can't modify reference to %s in %s assignment
(F) Only a limited number of constructs can be used as the argument to a reference
constructor on the left-hand side of an assignment, and what you used was not one of
them. See "Assigning to References" in perlref.

Can't modify reference to localized parenthesized array in list assignment
(F) Assigning to "\local(@array)" or "\(local @array)" is not supported, as it is not
clear exactly what it should do. If you meant to make @array refer to some other
array, use "\@array = \@other_array". If you want to make the elements of @array
aliases of the scalars referenced on the right-hand side, use "\(@array) =
@scalar_refs".

Can't modify reference to parenthesized hash in list assignment
(F) Assigning to "\(%hash)" is not supported. If you meant to make %hash refer to
some other hash, use "\%hash = \%other_hash". If you want to make the elements of
%hash into aliases of the scalars referenced on the right-hand side, use a hash slice:
"\@hash{@keys} = @those_scalar_refs".

Can't msgrcv to read-only var
(F) The target of a msgrcv must be modifiable to be used as a receive buffer.

Can't "next" outside a loop block
(F) A "next" statement was executed to reiterate the current block, but there isn't a
current block. Note that an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a "loopish" block,
as doesn't a block given to sort(), map() or grep(). You can usually double the
curlies to get the same effect though, because the inner curlies will be considered a
block that loops once. See "next" in perlfunc.

Can't open %s: %s
(S inplace) The implicit opening of a file through use of the "<>" filehandle, either
implicitly under the "-n" or "-p" command-line switches, or explicitly, failed for the
indicated reason. Usually this is because you don't have read permission for a file
which you named on the command line.

(F) You tried to call perl with the -e switch, but /dev/null (or your operating
system's equivalent) could not be opened.

Can't open a reference
(W io) You tried to open a scalar reference for reading or writing, using the 3-arg
open() syntax:

open FH, '>', $ref;

but your version of perl is compiled without perlio, and this form of open is not
supported.

Can't open bidirectional pipe
(W pipe) You tried to say "open(CMD, "|cmd|")", which is not supported. You can try
any of several modules in the Perl library to do this, such as IPC::Open2.
Alternately, direct the pipe's output to a file using ">", and then read it in under a
different file handle.

Can't open error file %s as stderr
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
couldn't open the file specified after '2>' or '2>>' on the command line for writing.

Can't open input file %s as stdin
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
couldn't open the file specified after '<' on the command line for reading.

Can't open output file %s as stdout
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
couldn't open the file specified after '>' or '>>' on the command line for writing.

Can't open output pipe (name: %s)
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
couldn't open the pipe into which to send data destined for stdout.

Can't open perl script "%s": %s
(F) The script you specified can't be opened for the indicated reason.

If you're debugging a script that uses #!, and normally relies on the shell's $PATH
search, the -S option causes perl to do that search, so you don't have to type the
path or "`which $scriptname`".

Can't read CRTL environ
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read an element of %ENV from the CRTL's
internal environment array and discovered the array was missing. You need to figure
out where your CRTL misplaced its environ or define PERL_ENV_TABLES (see perlvms) so
that environ is not searched.

Can't "redo" outside a loop block
(F) A "redo" statement was executed to restart the current block, but there isn't a
current block. Note that an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a "loopish" block,
as doesn't a block given to sort(), map() or grep(). You can usually double the
curlies to get the same effect though, because the inner curlies will be considered a
block that loops once. See "redo" in perlfunc.

Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file
(S inplace) You requested an inplace edit without creating a backup file. Perl was
unable to remove the original file to replace it with the modified file. The file was
left unmodified.

Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file
(S inplace) The rename done by the -i switch failed for some reason, probably because
you don't have write permission to the directory.

Can't reopen input pipe (name: %s) in binary mode
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl thought stdin was a pipe, and tried to reopen it
to accept binary data. Alas, it failed.

Can't represent character for Ox%X on this platform
(F) There is a hard limit to how big a character code point can be due to the
fundamental properties of UTF-8, especially on EBCDIC platforms. The given code point
exceeds that. The only work-around is to not use such a large code point.

Can't reset %ENV on this system
(F) You called "reset('E')" or similar, which tried to reset all variables in the
current package beginning with "E". In the main package, that includes %ENV.
Resetting %ENV is not supported on some systems, notably VMS.

Can't resolve method "%s" overloading "%s" in package "%s"
(F)(P) Error resolving overloading specified by a method name (as opposed to a
subroutine reference): no such method callable via the package. If the method name is
"???", this is an internal error.

Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine
(F) Perl detected an attempt to return illegal lvalues (such as temporary or readonly
values) from a subroutine used as an lvalue. This is not allowed.

Can't return outside a subroutine
(F) The return statement was executed in mainline code, that is, where there was no
subroutine call to return out of. See perlsub.

Can't return %s to lvalue scalar context
(F) You tried to return a complete array or hash from an lvalue subroutine, but you
called the subroutine in a way that made Perl think you meant to return only one
value. You probably meant to write parentheses around the call to the subroutine,
which tell Perl that the call should be in list context.

Can't stat script "%s"
(P) For some reason you can't fstat() the script even though you have it open already.
Bizarre.

Can't take log of %g
(F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the logarithm of a negative number or
zero. There's a Math::Complex package that comes standard with Perl, though, if you
really want to do that for the negative numbers.

Can't take sqrt of %g
(F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the square root of a negative number.
There's a Math::Complex package that comes standard with Perl, though, if you really
want to do that.

Can't undef active subroutine
(F) You can't undefine a routine that's currently running. You can, however, redefine
it while it's running, and you can even undef the redefined subroutine while the old
routine is running. Go figure.

Can't upgrade %s (%d) to %d
(P) The internal sv_upgrade routine adds "members" to an SV, making it into a more
specialized kind of SV. The top several SV types are so specialized, however, that
they cannot be interconverted. This message indicates that such a conversion was
attempted.

Can't use '%c' after -mname
(F) You tried to call perl with the -m switch, but you put something other than "="
after the module name.

Can't use a hash as a reference
(F) You tried to use a hash as a reference, as in "%foo->{"bar"}" or
"%$ref->{"hello"}". Versions of perl <= 5.22.0 used to allow this syntax, but
shouldn't have. This was deprecated in perl 5.6.1.

Can't use an array as a reference
(F) You tried to use an array as a reference, as in "@foo->[23]" or "@$ref->[99]".
Versions of perl <= 5.22.0 used to allow this syntax, but shouldn't have. This was
deprecated in perl 5.6.1.

Can't use anonymous symbol table for method lookup
(F) The internal routine that does method lookup was handed a symbol table that
doesn't have a name. Symbol tables can become anonymous for example by undefining
stashes: "undef %Some::Package::".

Can't use an undefined value as %s reference
(F) A value used as either a hard reference or a symbolic reference must be a defined
value. This helps to delurk some insidious errors.

Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use
(F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs". Symbolic references are
disallowed. See perlref.

Can't use %! because Errno.pm is not available
(F) The first time the "%!" hash is used, perl automatically loads the Errno.pm
module. The Errno module is expected to tie the %! hash to provide symbolic names for
$! errno values.

Can't use both '<' and '>' after type '%c' in %s
(F) A type cannot be forced to have both big-endian and little-endian byte-order at
the same time, so this combination of modifiers is not allowed. See "pack" in
perlfunc.

Can't use 'defined(@array)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)
(F) defined() is not useful on arrays because it checks for an undefined scalar value.
If you want to see if the array is empty, just use "if (@array) { # not empty }" for
example.

Can't use 'defined(%hash)' (Maybe you should just omit the defined()?)
(F) "defined()" is not usually right on hashes.

Although "defined %hash" is false on a plain not-yet-used hash, it becomes true in
several non-obvious circumstances, including iterators, weak references, stash names,
even remaining true after "undef %hash". These things make "defined %hash" fairly
useless in practice, so it now generates a fatal error.

If a check for non-empty is what you wanted then just put it in boolean context (see
"Scalar values" in perldata):

if (%hash) {
# not empty
}

If you had "defined %Foo::Bar::QUUX" to check whether such a package variable exists
then that's never really been reliable, and isn't a good way to enquire about the
features of a package, or whether it's loaded, etc.

Can't use %s for loop variable
(P) The parser got confused when trying to parse a "foreach" loop.

Can't use global %s in "%s"
(F) You tried to declare a magical variable as a lexical variable. This is not
allowed, because the magic can be tied to only one location (namely the global
variable) and it would be incredibly confusing to have variables in your program that
looked like magical variables but weren't.

Can't use '%c' in a group with different byte-order in %s
(F) You attempted to force a different byte-order on a type that is already inside a
group with a byte-order modifier. For example you cannot force little-endianness on a
type that is inside a big-endian group.

Can't use "my %s" in sort comparison
(F) The global variables $a and $b are reserved for sort comparisons. You mentioned
$a or $b in the same line as the <=> or cmp operator, and the variable had earlier
been declared as a lexical variable. Either qualify the sort variable with the
package name, or rename the lexical variable.

Can't use %s ref as %s ref
(F) You've mixed up your reference types. You have to dereference a reference of the
type needed. You can use the ref() function to test the type of the reference, if
need be.

Can't use string ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use
Can't use string ("%s"...) as %s ref while "strict refs" in use
(F) You've told Perl to dereference a string, something which "use strict" blocks to
prevent it happening accidentally. See "Symbolic references" in perlref. This can be
triggered by an "@" or "$" in a double-quoted string immediately before interpolating
a variable, for example in "user @$twitter_id", which says to treat the contents of
$twitter_id as an array reference; use a "\" to have a literal "@" symbol followed by
the contents of $twitter_id: "user \@$twitter_id".

Can't use subscript on %s
(F) The compiler tried to interpret a bracketed expression as a subscript. But to the
left of the brackets was an expression that didn't look like a hash or array
reference, or anything else subscriptable.

Can't use \%c to mean $%c in expression
(W syntax) In an ordinary expression, backslash is a unary operator that creates a
reference to its argument. The use of backslash to indicate a backreference to a
matched substring is valid only as part of a regular expression pattern. Trying to do
this in ordinary Perl code produces a value that prints out looking like
SCALAR(0xdecaf). Use the $1 form instead.

Can't weaken a nonreference
(F) You attempted to weaken something that was not a reference. Only references can
be weakened.

Can't "when" outside a topicalizer
(F) You have used a when() block that is neither inside a "foreach" loop nor a "given"
block. (Note that this error is issued on exit from the "when" block, so you won't
get the error if the match fails, or if you use an explicit "continue".)

Can't x= to read-only value
(F) You tried to repeat a constant value (often the undefined value) with an
assignment operator, which implies modifying the value itself. Perhaps you need to
copy the value to a temporary, and repeat that.

Character following "\c" must be printable ASCII
(F) In "\cX", X must be a printable (non-control) ASCII character.

Note that ASCII characters that don't map to control characters are discouraged, and
will generate the warning (when enabled) ""\c%c" is more clearly written simply as
"%s"".

Character in 'C' format wrapped in pack
(W pack) You said

pack("C", $x)

where $x is either less than 0 or more than 255; the "C" format is only for encoding
native operating system characters (ASCII, EBCDIC, and so on) and not for Unicode
characters, so Perl behaved as if you meant

pack("C", $x & 255)

If you actually want to pack Unicode codepoints, use the "U" format instead.

Character in 'c' format wrapped in pack
(W pack) You said

pack("c", $x)

where $x is either less than -128 or more than 127; the "c" format is only for
encoding native operating system characters (ASCII, EBCDIC, and so on) and not for
Unicode characters, so Perl behaved as if you meant

pack("c", $x & 255);

If you actually want to pack Unicode codepoints, use the "U" format instead.

Character in '%c' format wrapped in unpack
(W unpack) You tried something like

unpack("H", "\x{2a1}")

where the format expects to process a byte (a character with a value below 256), but a
higher value was provided instead. Perl uses the value modulus 256 instead, as if you
had provided:

unpack("H", "\x{a1}")

Character in 'W' format wrapped in pack
(W pack) You said

pack("U0W", $x)

where $x is either less than 0 or more than 255. However, "U0"-mode expects all
values to fall in the interval [0, 255], so Perl behaved as if you meant:

pack("U0W", $x & 255)

Character(s) in '%c' format wrapped in pack
(W pack) You tried something like

pack("u", "\x{1f3}b")

where the format expects to process a sequence of bytes (character with a value below
256), but some of the characters had a higher value. Perl uses the character values
modulus 256 instead, as if you had provided:

pack("u", "\x{f3}b")

Character(s) in '%c' format wrapped in unpack
(W unpack) You tried something like

unpack("s", "\x{1f3}b")

where the format expects to process a sequence of bytes (character with a value below
256), but some of the characters had a higher value. Perl uses the character values
modulus 256 instead, as if you had provided:

unpack("s", "\x{f3}b")

charnames alias definitions may not contain a sequence of multiple spaces
(F) You defined a character name which had multiple space characters in a row. Change
them to single spaces. Usually these names are defined in the ":alias" import
argument to "use charnames", but they could be defined by a translator installed into
$^H{charnames}. See "CUSTOM ALIASES" in charnames.

charnames alias definitions may not contain trailing white-space
(F) You defined a character name which ended in a space character. Remove the
trailing space(s). Usually these names are defined in the ":alias" import argument to
"use charnames", but they could be defined by a translator installed into
$^H{charnames}. See "CUSTOM ALIASES" in charnames.

\C is deprecated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(D deprecated, regexp) The \C character class is deprecated, and will become a
compile-time error in a future release of perl (tentatively v5.24). This construct
allows you to match a single byte of what makes up a multi-byte single UTF8 character,
and breaks encapsulation. It is currently also very buggy. If you really need to
process the individual bytes, you probably want to convert your string to one where
each underlying byte is stored as a character, with utf8::encode().

"\c%c" is more clearly written simply as "%s"
(W syntax) The "\cX" construct is intended to be a way to specify non-printable
characters. You used it for a printable one, which is better written as simply
itself, perhaps preceded by a backslash for non-word characters. Doing it the way you
did is not portable between ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.

Cloning substitution context is unimplemented
(F) Creating a new thread inside the "s///" operator is not supported.

closedir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
(W io) The dirhandle you tried to close is either closed or not really a dirhandle.
Check your control flow.

close() on unopened filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried to close a filehandle that was never opened.

Closure prototype called
(F) If a closure has attributes, the subroutine passed to an attribute handler is the
prototype that is cloned when a new closure is created. This subroutine cannot be
called.

Code missing after '/'
(F) You had a (sub-)template that ends with a '/'. There must be another template
code following the slash. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Code point 0x%X is not Unicode, may not be portable
(S non_unicode) You had a code point above the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF.

Perl allows strings to contain a superset of Unicode code points, up to the limit of
what is storable in an unsigned integer on your system, but these may not be accepted
by other languages/systems. At one time, it was legal in some standards to have code
points up to 0x7FFF_FFFF, but not higher. Code points above 0xFFFF_FFFF require
larger than a 32 bit word.

%s: Command not found
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh or another shell instead of Perl.
Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself. The #! line at
the top of your file could look like

#!/usr/bin/perl -w

Compilation failed in require
(F) Perl could not compile a file specified in a "require" statement. Perl uses this
generic message when none of the errors that it encountered were severe enough to halt
compilation immediately.

Complex regular subexpression recursion limit (%d) exceeded
(W regexp) The regular expression engine uses recursion in complex situations where
back-tracking is required. Recursion depth is limited to 32766, or perhaps less in
architectures where the stack cannot grow arbitrarily. ("Simple" and "medium"
situations are handled without recursion and are not subject to a limit.) Try
shortening the string under examination; looping in Perl code (e.g. with "while")
rather than in the regular expression engine; or rewriting the regular expression so
that it is simpler or backtracks less. (See perlfaq2 for information on Mastering
Regular Expressions.)

connect() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to do a connect on a closed socket. Did you forget to check the
return value of your socket() call? See "connect" in perlfunc.

Constant(%s): Call to &{$^H{%s}} did not return a defined value
(F) The subroutine registered to handle constant overloading (see overload) or a
custom charnames handler (see "CUSTOM TRANSLATORS" in charnames) returned an undefined
value.

Constant(%s): $^H{%s} is not defined
(F) The parser found inconsistencies while attempting to define an overloaded
constant. Perhaps you forgot to load the corresponding overload pragma?

Constant is not %s reference
(F) A constant value (perhaps declared using the "use constant" pragma) is being
dereferenced, but it amounts to the wrong type of reference. The message indicates
the type of reference that was expected. This usually indicates a syntax error in
dereferencing the constant value. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub and constant.

Constants from lexical variables potentially modified elsewhere are deprecated
(D deprecated) You wrote something like

my $var;
$sub = sub () { $var };

but $var is referenced elsewhere and could be modified after the "sub" expression is
evaluated. Either it is explicitly modified elsewhere ("$var = 3") or it is passed to
a subroutine or to an operator like "printf" or "map", which may or may not modify the
variable.

Traditionally, Perl has captured the value of the variable at that point and turned
the subroutine into a constant eligible for inlining. In those cases where the
variable can be modified elsewhere, this breaks the behavior of closures, in which the
subroutine captures the variable itself, rather than its value, so future changes to
the variable are reflected in the subroutine's return value.

This usage is deprecated, because the behavior is likely to change in a future version
of Perl.

If you intended for the subroutine to be eligible for inlining, then make sure the
variable is not referenced elsewhere, possibly by copying it:

my $var2 = $var;
$sub = sub () { $var2 };

If you do want this subroutine to be a closure that reflects future changes to the
variable that it closes over, add an explicit "return":

my $var;
$sub = sub () { return $var };

Constant subroutine %s redefined
(W redefine)(S) You redefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for
inlining. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.

Constant subroutine %s undefined
(W misc) You undefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for inlining.
See "Constant Functions" in perlsub for commentary and workarounds.

Constant(%s) unknown
(F) The parser found inconsistencies either while attempting to define an overloaded
constant, or when trying to find the character name specified in the "\N{...}" escape.
Perhaps you forgot to load the corresponding overload pragma?

:const is experimental
(S experimental::const_attr) The "const" attribute is experimental. If you want to
use the feature, disable the warning with "no warnings 'experimental::const_attr'",
but know that in doing so you are taking the risk that your code may break in a future
Perl version.

:const is not permitted on named subroutines
(F) The "const" attribute causes an anonymous subroutine to be run and its value
captured at the time that it is cloned. Named subroutines are not cloned like this,
so the attribute does not make sense on them.

Copy method did not return a reference
(F) The method which overloads "=" is buggy. See "Copy Constructor" in overload.

&CORE::%s cannot be called directly
(F) You tried to call a subroutine in the "CORE::" namespace with &foo syntax or
through a reference. Some subroutines in this package cannot yet be called that way,
but must be called as barewords. Something like this will work:

BEGIN { *shove = \&CORE::push; }
shove @array, 1,2,3; # pushes on to @array

CORE::%s is not a keyword
(F) The CORE:: namespace is reserved for Perl keywords.

Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d
(P) This is either an error in Perl, or, if you're using one, your custom regular
expression engine. If not the latter, report the problem through the perlbug utility.

corrupted regexp pointers
(P) The regular expression engine got confused by what the regular expression compiler
gave it.

corrupted regexp program
(P) The regular expression engine got passed a regexp program without a valid magic
number.

Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%x at 0x%x
(P) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an internal failure.

Count after length/code in unpack
(F) You had an unpack template indicating a counted-length string, but you have also
specified an explicit size for the string. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Deep recursion on anonymous subroutine
Deep recursion on subroutine "%s"
(W recursion) This subroutine has called itself (directly or indirectly) 100 times
more than it has returned. This probably indicates an infinite recursion, unless
you're writing strange benchmark programs, in which case it indicates something else.

This threshold can be changed from 100, by recompiling the perl binary, setting the C
pre-processor macro "PERL_SUB_DEPTH_WARN" to the desired value.

(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used something like "(?(DEFINE)...|..)" which is illegal. The most likely
cause of this error is that you left out a parenthesis inside of the "...." part.

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

%s defines neither package nor VERSION--version check failed
(F) You said something like "use Module 42" but in the Module file there are neither
package declarations nor a $VERSION.

delete argument is index/value array slice, use array slice
(F) You used index/value array slice syntax (%array[...]) as the argument to "delete".
You probably meant @array[...] with an @ symbol instead.

delete argument is key/value hash slice, use hash slice
(F) You used key/value hash slice syntax (%hash{...}) as the argument to "delete".
You probably meant @hash{...} with an @ symbol instead.

delete argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice
(F) The argument to "delete" must be either a hash or array element, such as:

$foo{$bar}
$ref->{"susie"}[12]

or a hash or array slice, such as:

@foo[$bar, $baz, $xyzzy]
@{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"}

Delimiter for here document is too long
(F) In a here document construct like "<<FOO", the label "FOO" is too long for Perl to
handle. You have to be seriously twisted to write code that triggers this error.

Deprecated use of my() in false conditional
(D deprecated) You used a declaration similar to "my $x if 0". There has been a long-
standing bug in Perl that causes a lexical variable not to be cleared at scope exit
when its declaration includes a false conditional. Some people have exploited this
bug to achieve a kind of static variable. Since we intend to fix this bug, we don't
want people relying on this behavior. You can achieve a similar static effect by
declaring the variable in a separate block outside the function, eg

sub f { my $x if 0; return $x++ }

becomes

{ my $x; sub f { return $x++ } }

Beginning with perl 5.10.0, you can also use "state" variables to have lexicals that
are initialized only once (see feature):

sub f { state $x; return $x++ }

DESTROY created new reference to dead object '%s'
(F) A DESTROY() method created a new reference to the object which is just being
DESTROYed. Perl is confused, and prefers to abort rather than to create a dangling
reference.

Did not produce a valid header
See Server error.

%s did not return a true value
(F) A required (or used) file must return a true value to indicate that it compiled
correctly and ran its initialization code correctly. It's traditional to end such a
file with a "1;", though any true value would do. See "require" in perlfunc.

(Did you mean &%s instead?)
(W misc) You probably referred to an imported subroutine &FOO as $FOO or some such.

(Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?)
(W misc) Remember that "our" does not localize the declared global variable. You have
declared it again in the same lexical scope, which seems superfluous.

(Did you mean $ or @ instead of %?)
(W) You probably said %hash{$key} when you meant $hash{$key} or @hash{@keys}. On the
other hand, maybe you just meant %hash and got carried away.

Died
(F) You passed die() an empty string (the equivalent of "die """) or you called it
with no args and $@ was empty.

Document contains no data
See Server error.

%s does not define %s::VERSION--version check failed
(F) You said something like "use Module 42" but the Module did not define a $VERSION.

'/' does not take a repeat count
(F) You cannot put a repeat count of any kind right after the '/' code. See "pack" in
perlfunc.

Don't know how to get file name
(P) "PerlIO_getname", a perl internal I/O function specific to VMS, was somehow called
on another platform. This should not happen.

Don't know how to handle magic of type \%o
(P) The internal handling of magical variables has been cursed.

do_study: out of memory
(P) This should have been caught by safemalloc() instead.

(Do you need to predeclare %s?)
(S syntax) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s found
where operator expected". It often means a subroutine or module name is being
referenced that hasn't been declared yet. This may be because of ordering problems in
your file, or because of a missing "sub", "package", "require", or "use" statement.
If you're referencing something that isn't defined yet, you don't actually have to
define the subroutine or package before the current location. You can use an empty
"sub foo;" or "package FOO;" to enter a "forward" declaration.

dump() better written as CORE::dump()
(W misc) You used the obsolescent "dump()" built-in function, without fully qualifying
it as "CORE::dump()". Maybe it's a typo. See "dump" in perlfunc.

dump is not supported
(F) Your machine doesn't support dump/undump.

Duplicate free() ignored
(S malloc) An internal routine called free() on something that had already been freed.

Duplicate modifier '%c' after '%c' in %s
(W unpack) You have applied the same modifier more than once after a type in a pack
template. See "pack" in perlfunc.

each on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "each" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

elseif should be elsif
(S syntax) There is no keyword "elseif" in Perl because Larry thinks it's ugly. Your
code will be interpreted as an attempt to call a method named "elseif" for the class
returned by the following block. This is unlikely to be what you want.

Empty \%c{} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) "\p" and "\P" are used to introduce a named Unicode property, as described in
perlunicode and perlre. You used "\p" or "\P" in a regular expression without
specifying the property name.

entering effective %s failed
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching the real and effective uids or
gids failed.

%ENV is aliased to %s
(F) You're running under taint mode, and the %ENV variable has been aliased to another
hash, so it doesn't reflect anymore the state of the program's environment. This is
potentially insecure.

Error converting file specification %s
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Because Perl may have to deal with file specifications
in either VMS or Unix syntax, it converts them to a single form when it must operate
on them directly. Either you've passed an invalid file specification to Perl, or
you've found a case the conversion routines don't handle. Drat.

Eval-group in insecure regular expression
(F) Perl detected tainted data when trying to compile a regular expression that
contains the "(?{ ... })" zero-width assertion, which is unsafe. See "(?{ code })" in
perlre, and perlsec.

Eval-group not allowed at runtime, use re 'eval' in regex m/%s/
(F) Perl tried to compile a regular expression containing the "(?{ ... })" zero-width
assertion at run time, as it would when the pattern contains interpolated values.
Since that is a security risk, it is not allowed. If you insist, you may still do
this by using the "re 'eval'" pragma or by explicitly building the pattern from an
interpolated string at run time and using that in an eval(). See "(?{ code })" in
perlre.

Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval' in regex m/%s/
(F) A regular expression contained the "(?{ ... })" zero-width assertion, but that
construct is only allowed when the "use re 'eval'" pragma is in effect. See "(?{ code
})" in perlre.

EVAL without pos change exceeded limit in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a pattern that nested too many EVAL calls without consuming any text.
Restructure the pattern so that text is consumed.

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Excessively long <> operator
(F) The contents of a <> operator may not exceed the maximum size of a Perl
identifier. If you're just trying to glob a long list of filenames, try using the
glob() operator, or put the filenames into a variable and glob that.

exec? I'm not *that* kind of operating system
(F) The "exec" function is not implemented on some systems, e.g., Symbian OS. See
perlport.

Execution of %s aborted due to compilation errors.
(F) The final summary message when a Perl compilation fails.

exists argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or a subroutine
(F) The argument to "exists" must be a hash or array element or a subroutine with an
ampersand, such as:

$foo{$bar}
$ref->{"susie"}[12]
&do_something

exists argument is not a subroutine name
(F) The argument to "exists" for "exists &sub" must be a subroutine name, and not a
subroutine call. "exists &sub()" will generate this error.

Exiting eval via %s
(W exiting) You are exiting an eval by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop
control statement.

Exiting format via %s
(W exiting) You are exiting a format by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a
loop control statement.

Exiting pseudo-block via %s
(W exiting) You are exiting a rather special block construct (like a sort block or
subroutine) by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop control statement. See
"sort" in perlfunc.

Exiting subroutine via %s
(W exiting) You are exiting a subroutine by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a
loop control statement.

Exiting substitution via %s
(W exiting) You are exiting a substitution by unconventional means, such as a return,
a goto, or a loop control statement.

Expecting close bracket in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You wrote something like

(?13

to denote a capturing group of the form "(?PARNO)", but omitted the ")".

Expecting '(?flags:(?[...' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The "(?[...])" extended character class regular expression construct only allows
character classes (including character class escapes like "\d"), operators, and
parentheses. The one exception is "(?flags:...)" containing at least one flag and
exactly one "(?[...])" construct. This allows a regular expression containing just
"(?[...])" to be interpolated. If you see this error message, then you probably have
some other "(?...)" construct inside your character class. See "Extended Bracketed
Character Classes" in perlrecharclass.

Experimental aliasing via reference not enabled
(F) To do aliasing via references, you must first enable the feature:

no warnings "experimental::refaliasing";
use feature "refaliasing";
\$x = \$y;

Experimental subroutine signatures not enabled
(F) To use subroutine signatures, you must first enable them:

no warnings "experimental::signatures";
use feature "signatures";
sub foo ($left, $right) { ... }

Experimental "%s" subs not enabled
(F) To use lexical subs, you must first enable them:

no warnings 'experimental::lexical_subs';
use feature 'lexical_subs';
my sub foo { ... }

Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main)
(W misc) You are blessing a reference to a zero length string. This has the effect of
blessing the reference into the package main. This is usually not what you want.
Consider providing a default target package, e.g. bless($ref, $p || 'MyPackage');

%s: Expression syntax
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

%s failed--call queue aborted
(F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing a UNITCHECK, CHECK, INIT, or END
subroutine. Processing of the remainder of the queue of such routines has been
prematurely ended.

False [] range "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp)(F) A character class range must start and end at a literal character, not
another character class like "\d" or "[:alpha:]". The "-" in your false range is
interpreted as a literal "-". In a "(?[...])" construct, this is an error, rather
than a warning. Consider quoting the "-", "\-". The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in
the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Fatal VMS error (status=%d) at %s, line %d
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Something untoward happened in a VMS system service or
RTL routine; Perl's exit status should provide more details. The filename in "at %s"
and the line number in "line %d" tell you which section of the Perl source code is
distressed.

fcntl is not implemented
(F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement fcntl(). What is this, a PDP-11 or
something?

FETCHSIZE returned a negative value
(F) A tied array claimed to have a negative number of elements, which is not possible.

Field too wide in 'u' format in pack
(W pack) Each line in an uuencoded string starts with a length indicator which can't
encode values above 63. So there is no point in asking for a line length bigger than
that. Perl will behave as if you specified "u63" as the format.

Filehandle %s opened only for input
(W io) You tried to write on a read-only filehandle. If you intended it to be a read-
write filehandle, you needed to open it with "+<" or "+>" or "+>>" instead of with "<"
or nothing. If you intended only to write the file, use ">" or ">>". See "open" in
perlfunc.

Filehandle %s opened only for output
(W io) You tried to read from a filehandle opened only for writing, If you intended it
to be a read/write filehandle, you needed to open it with "+<" or "+>" or "+>>"
instead of with ">". If you intended only to read from the file, use "<". See "open"
in perlfunc. Another possibility is that you attempted to open filedescriptor 0 (also
known as STDIN) for output (maybe you closed STDIN earlier?).

Filehandle %s reopened as %s only for input
(W io) You opened for reading a filehandle that got the same filehandle id as STDOUT
or STDERR. This occurred because you closed STDOUT or STDERR previously.

Filehandle STDIN reopened as %s only for output
(W io) You opened for writing a filehandle that got the same filehandle id as STDIN.
This occurred because you closed STDIN previously.

Final $ should be \$ or $name
(F) You must now decide whether the final $ in a string was meant to be a literal
dollar sign, or was meant to introduce a variable name that happens to be missing. So
you have to put either the backslash or the name.

flock() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're attempting to flock() got itself closed some time
before now. Check your control flow. flock() operates on filehandles. Are you
attempting to call flock() on a dirhandle by the same name?

Format not terminated
(F) A format must be terminated by a line with a solitary dot. Perl got to the end of
your file without finding such a line.

Format %s redefined
(W redefine) You redefined a format. To suppress this warning, say

{
no warnings 'redefine';
eval "format NAME =...";
}

Found = in conditional, should be ==
(W syntax) You said

if ($foo = 123)

when you meant

if ($foo == 123)

(or something like that).

%s found where operator expected
(S syntax) The Perl lexer knows whether to expect a term or an operator. If it sees
what it knows to be a term when it was expecting to see an operator, it gives you this
warning. Usually it indicates that an operator or delimiter was omitted, such as a
semicolon.

gdbm store returned %d, errno %d, key "%s"
(S) A warning from the GDBM_File extension that a store failed.

gethostent not implemented
(F) Your C library apparently doesn't implement gethostent(), probably because if it
did, it'd feel morally obligated to return every hostname on the Internet.

get%sname() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to get a socket or peer socket name on a closed socket. Did you
forget to check the return value of your socket() call?

getpwnam returned invalid UIC %#o for user "%s"
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. The call to "sys$getuai" underlying the "getpwnam"
operator returned an invalid UIC.

getsockopt() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to get a socket option on a closed socket. Did you forget to
check the return value of your socket() call? See "getsockopt" in perlfunc.

given is experimental
(S experimental::smartmatch) "given" depends on smartmatch, which is experimental, so
its behavior may change or even be removed in any future release of perl. See the
explanation under "Experimental Details on given and when" in perlsyn.

Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name (did you forget to declare "my %s"?)
(F) You've said "use strict" or "use strict vars", which indicates that all variables
must either be lexically scoped (using "my" or "state"), declared beforehand using
"our", or explicitly qualified to say which package the global variable is in (using
"::").

glob failed (%s)
(S glob) Something went wrong with the external program(s) used for "glob" and
"<*.c>". Usually, this means that you supplied a "glob" pattern that caused the
external program to fail and exit with a nonzero status. If the message indicates
that the abnormal exit resulted in a coredump, this may also mean that your csh (C
shell) is broken. If so, you should change all of the csh-related variables in
config.sh: If you have tcsh, make the variables refer to it as if it were csh (e.g.
"full_csh='/usr/bin/tcsh'"); otherwise, make them all empty (except that "d_csh"
should be 'undef') so that Perl will think csh is missing. In either case, after
editing config.sh, run "./Configure -S" and rebuild Perl.

Glob not terminated
(F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place where it was expecting a term, so
it's looking for the corresponding right angle bracket, and not finding it. Chances
are you left some needed parentheses out earlier in the line, and you really meant a
"less than".

gmtime(%f) failed
(W overflow) You called "gmtime" with a number that it could not handle: too large,
too small, or NaN. The returned value is "undef".

gmtime(%f) too large
(W overflow) You called "gmtime" with a number that was larger than it can reliably
handle and "gmtime" probably returned the wrong date. This warning is also triggered
with NaN (the special not-a-number value).

gmtime(%f) too small
(W overflow) You called "gmtime" with a number that was smaller than it can reliably
handle and "gmtime" probably returned the wrong date.

Got an error from DosAllocMem
(P) An error peculiar to OS/2. Most probably you're using an obsolete version of
Perl, and this should not happen anyway.

goto must have label
(F) Unlike with "next" or "last", you're not allowed to goto an unspecified
destination. See "goto" in perlfunc.

Goto undefined subroutine%s
(F) You tried to call a subroutine with "goto &sub" syntax, but the indicated
subroutine hasn't been defined, or if it was, it has since been undefined.

Group name must start with a non-digit word character in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(F) Group names must follow the rules for perl identifiers, meaning they must start
with a non-digit word character. A common cause of this error is using (?&0) instead
of (?0). See perlre.

()-group starts with a count
(F) A ()-group started with a count. A count is supposed to follow something: a
template character or a ()-group. See "pack" in perlfunc.

%s had compilation errors.
(F) The final summary message when a "perl -c" fails.

Had to create %s unexpectedly
(S internal) A routine asked for a symbol from a symbol table that ought to have
existed already, but for some reason it didn't, and had to be created on an emergency
basis to prevent a core dump.

%s has too many errors
(F) The parser has given up trying to parse the program after 10 errors. Further
error messages would likely be uninformative.

Having more than one /%c regexp modifier is deprecated
(D deprecated, regexp) You used the indicated regular expression pattern modifier at
least twice in a string of modifiers. It is deprecated to do this with this
particular modifier, to allow future extensions to the Perl language.

Hexadecimal float: exponent overflow
(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point has a larger exponent than the floating
point supports.

Hexadecimal float: exponent underflow
(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point has a smaller exponent than the floating
point supports.

Hexadecimal float: internal error (%s)
(F) Something went horribly bad in hexadecimal float handling.

Hexadecimal float: mantissa overflow
(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point literal had more bits in the mantissa (the
part between the 0x and the exponent, also known as the fraction or the significand)
than the floating point supports.

Hexadecimal float: precision loss
(W overflow) The hexadecimal floating point had internally more digits than could be
output. This can be caused by unsupported long double formats, or by 64-bit integers
not being available (needed to retrieve the digits under some configurations).

Hexadecimal float: unsupported long double format
(F) You have configured Perl to use long doubles but the internals of the long double
format are unknown; therefore the hexadecimal float output is impossible.

Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable
(W portable) The hexadecimal number you specified is larger than 2**32-1 (4294967295)
and therefore non-portable between systems. See perlport for more on portability
concerns.

Identifier too long
(F) Perl limits identifiers (names for variables, functions, etc.) to about 250
characters for simple names, and somewhat more for compound names (like $A::B).
You've exceeded Perl's limits. Future versions of Perl are likely to eliminate these
arbitrary limitations.

Ignoring zero length \N{} in character class in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) Named Unicode character escapes ("\N{...}") may return a zero-length
sequence. When such an escape is used in a character class its behavior is not well
defined. Check that the correct escape has been used, and the correct charname
handler is in scope.

Illegal binary digit %s
(F) You used a digit other than 0 or 1 in a binary number.

Illegal binary digit %s ignored
(W digit) You may have tried to use a digit other than 0 or 1 in a binary number.
Interpretation of the binary number stopped before the offending digit.

Illegal character after '_' in prototype for %s : %s
(W illegalproto) An illegal character was found in a prototype declaration. The '_'
in a prototype must be followed by a ';', indicating the rest of the parameters are
optional, or one of '@' or '%', since those two will accept 0 or more final
parameters.

Illegal character \%o (carriage return)
(F) Perl normally treats carriage returns in the program text as it would any other
whitespace, which means you should never see this error when Perl was built using
standard options. For some reason, your version of Perl appears to have been built
without this support. Talk to your Perl administrator.

Illegal character in prototype for %s : %s
(W illegalproto) An illegal character was found in a prototype declaration. Legal
characters in prototypes are $, @, %, *, ;, [, ], &, \, and +. Perhaps you were
trying to write a subroutine signature but didn't enable that feature first ("use
feature 'signatures'"), so your signature was instead interpreted as a bad prototype.

Illegal declaration of anonymous subroutine
(F) When using the "sub" keyword to construct an anonymous subroutine, you must always
specify a block of code. See perlsub.

Illegal declaration of subroutine %s
(F) A subroutine was not declared correctly. See perlsub.

Illegal division by zero
(F) You tried to divide a number by 0. Either something was wrong in your logic, or
you need to put a conditional in to guard against meaningless input.

Illegal hexadecimal digit %s ignored
(W digit) You may have tried to use a character other than 0 - 9 or A - F, a - f in a
hexadecimal number. Interpretation of the hexadecimal number stopped before the
illegal character.

Illegal modulus zero
(F) You tried to divide a number by 0 to get the remainder. Most numbers don't take
to this kindly.

Illegal number of bits in vec
(F) The number of bits in vec() (the third argument) must be a power of two from 1 to
32 (or 64, if your platform supports that).

Illegal octal digit %s
(F) You used an 8 or 9 in an octal number.

Illegal octal digit %s ignored
(W digit) You may have tried to use an 8 or 9 in an octal number. Interpretation of
the octal number stopped before the 8 or 9.

Illegal pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You wrote something like

(?+foo)

The "+" is valid only when followed by digits, indicating a capturing group. See
"(?PARNO)".

Illegal suidscript
(F) The script run under suidperl was somehow illegal.

Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: -%c
(X) The PERL5OPT environment variable may only be used to set the following switches:
-[CDIMUdmtw].

Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s"
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read the CRTL's internal
environ array, and encountered an element without the "=" delimiter used to separate
keys from values. The element is ignored.

Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: |%s|
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read a logical name or CLI
symbol definition when preparing to iterate over %ENV, and didn't see the expected
delimiter between key and value, so the line was ignored.

(in cleanup) %s
(W misc) This prefix usually indicates that a DESTROY() method raised the indicated
exception. Since destructors are usually called by the system at arbitrary points
during execution, and often a vast number of times, the warning is issued only once
for any number of failures that would otherwise result in the same message being
repeated.

Failure of user callbacks dispatched using the "G_KEEPERR" flag could also result in
this warning. See "G_KEEPERR" in perlcall.

Incomplete expression within '(?[ ])' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) There was a syntax error within the "(?[ ])". This can happen if the expression
inside the construct was completely empty, or if there are too many or few operands
for the number of operators. Perl is not smart enough to give you a more precise
indication as to what is wrong.

Inconsistent hierarchy during C3 merge of class '%s': merging failed on parent '%s'
(F) The method resolution order (MRO) of the given class is not C3-consistent, and you
have enabled the C3 MRO for this class. See the C3 documentation in mro for more
information.

In EBCDIC the v-string components cannot exceed 2147483647
(F) An error peculiar to EBCDIC. Internally, v-strings are stored as Unicode code
points, and encoded in EBCDIC as UTF-EBCDIC. The UTF-EBCDIC encoding is limited to
code points no larger than 2147483647 (0x7FFFFFFF).

Infinite recursion in regex
(F) You used a pattern that references itself without consuming any input text. You
should check the pattern to ensure that recursive patterns either consume text or
fail.

Initialization of state variables in list context currently forbidden
(F) Currently the implementation of "state" only permits the initialization of scalar
variables in scalar context. Re-write "state ($a) = 42" as "state $a = 42" to change
from list to scalar context. Constructions such as "state (@a) = foo()" will be
supported in a future perl release.

%%s[%s] in scalar context better written as $%s[%s]
(W syntax) In scalar context, you've used an array index/value slice (indicated by %)
to select a single element of an array. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar
value (indicated by $). The difference is that $foo[&bar] always behaves like a
scalar, both in the value it returns and when evaluating its argument, while
%foo[&bar] provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if
you're expecting only one subscript. When called in list context, it also returns the
index (what &bar returns) in addition to the value.

%%s{%s} in scalar context better written as $%s{%s}
(W syntax) In scalar context, you've used a hash key/value slice (indicated by %) to
select a single element of a hash. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value
(indicated by $). The difference is that $foo{&bar} always behaves like a scalar,
both in the value it returns and when evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar} and
provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if you're
expecting only one subscript. When called in list context, it also returns the key in
addition to the value.

Insecure dependency in %s
(F) You tried to do something that the tainting mechanism didn't like. The tainting
mechanism is turned on when you're running setuid or setgid, or when you specify -T to
turn it on explicitly. The tainting mechanism labels all data that's derived directly
or indirectly from the user, who is considered to be unworthy of your trust. If any
such data is used in a "dangerous" operation, you get this error. See perlsec for
more information.

Insecure directory in %s
(F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in a setuid or setgid script if
$ENV{PATH} contains a directory that is writable by the world. Also, the PATH must
not contain any relative directory. See perlsec.

Insecure $ENV{%s} while running %s
(F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in a setuid or setgid script if
any of $ENV{PATH}, $ENV{IFS}, $ENV{CDPATH}, $ENV{ENV}, $ENV{BASH_ENV} or $ENV{TERM}
are derived from data supplied (or potentially supplied) by the user. The script must
set the path to a known value, using trustworthy data. See perlsec.

Insecure user-defined property %s
(F) Perl detected tainted data when trying to compile a regular expression that
contains a call to a user-defined character property function, i.e. "\p{IsFoo}" or
"\p{InFoo}". See "User-Defined Character Properties" in perlunicode and perlsec.

Integer overflow in format string for %s
(F) The indexes and widths specified in the format string of "printf()" or "sprintf()"
are too large. The numbers must not overflow the size of integers for your
architecture.

Integer overflow in %s number
(S overflow) The hexadecimal, octal or binary number you have specified either as a
literal or as an argument to hex() or oct() is too big for your architecture, and has
been converted to a floating point number. On a 32-bit architecture the largest
hexadecimal, octal or binary number representable without overflow is 0xFFFFFFFF,
037777777777, or 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 respectively. Note that Perl
transparently promotes all numbers to a floating point representation
internally--subject to loss of precision errors in subsequent operations.

Integer overflow in srand
(S overflow) The number you have passed to srand is too big to fit in your
architecture's integer representation. The number has been replaced with the largest
integer supported (0xFFFFFFFF on 32-bit architectures). This means you may be getting
less randomness than you expect, because different random seeds above the maximum will
return the same sequence of random numbers.

Integer overflow in version
Integer overflow in version %d
(W overflow) Some portion of a version initialization is too large for the size of
integers for your architecture. This is not a warning because there is no rational
reason for a version to try and use an element larger than typically 2**32. This is
usually caused by trying to use some odd mathematical operation as a version, like
100/9.

Internal disaster in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(P) Something went badly wrong in the regular expression parser. The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Internal inconsistency in tracking vforks
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl keeps track of the number of times you've called
"fork" and "exec", to determine whether the current call to "exec" should affect the
current script or a subprocess (see "exec LIST" in perlvms). Somehow, this count has
become scrambled, so Perl is making a guess and treating this "exec" as a request to
terminate the Perl script and execute the specified command.

internal %<num>p might conflict with future printf extensions
(S internal) Perl's internal routine that handles "printf" and "sprintf" formatting
follows a slightly different set of rules when called from C or XS code.
Specifically, formats consisting of digits followed by "p" (e.g., "%7p") are reserved
for future use. If you see this message, then an XS module tried to call that routine
with one such reserved format.

Internal urp in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(P) Something went badly awry in the regular expression parser. The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

%s (...) interpreted as function
(W syntax) You've run afoul of the rule that says that any list operator followed by
parentheses turns into a function, with all the list operators arguments found inside
the parentheses. See "Terms and List Operators (Leftward)" in perlop.

In '(?...)', the '(' and '?' must be adjacent in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The two-character sequence "(?" in this context in a regular expression pattern
should be an indivisible token, with nothing intervening between the "(" and the "?",
but you separated them with whitespace.

Invalid %s attribute: %s
(F) The indicated attribute for a subroutine or variable was not recognized by Perl or
by a user-supplied handler. See attributes.

Invalid %s attributes: %s
(F) The indicated attributes for a subroutine or variable were not recognized by Perl
or by a user-supplied handler. See attributes.

Invalid character in charnames alias definition; marked by <-- HERE in '%s
(F) You tried to create a custom alias for a character name, with the ":alias" option
to "use charnames" and the specified character in the indicated name isn't valid. See
"CUSTOM ALIASES" in charnames.

Invalid \0 character in %s for %s: %s\0%s
(W syscalls) Embedded \0 characters in pathnames or other system call arguments
produce a warning as of 5.20. The parts after the \0 were formerly ignored by system
calls.

Invalid character in \N{...}; marked by <-- HERE in \N{%s}
(F) Only certain characters are valid for character names. The indicated one isn't.
See "CUSTOM ALIASES" in charnames.

Invalid conversion in %s: "%s"
(W printf) Perl does not understand the given format conversion. See "sprintf" in
perlfunc.

Invalid escape in the specified encoding in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp)(F) The numeric escape (for example "\xHH") of value < 256 didn't correspond
to a single character through the conversion from the encoding specified by the
encoding pragma. The escape was replaced with REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (U+FFFD) instead,
except within "(?[ ])", where it is a fatal error. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts
in the regular expression the escape was discovered.

Invalid hexadecimal number in \N{U+...}
Invalid hexadecimal number in \N{U+...} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The character constant represented by "..." is not a valid hexadecimal number.
Either it is empty, or you tried to use a character other than 0 - 9 or A - F, a - f
in a hexadecimal number.

Invalid module name %s with -%c option: contains single ':'
(F) The module argument to perl's -m and -M command-line options cannot contain single
colons in the module name, but only in the arguments after "=". In other words,
-MFoo::Bar=:baz is ok, but -MFoo:Bar=baz is not.

Invalid mro name: '%s'
(F) You tried to "mro::set_mro("classname", "foo")" or "use mro 'foo'", where "foo" is
not a valid method resolution order (MRO). Currently, the only valid ones supported
are "dfs" and "c3", unless you have loaded a module that is a MRO plugin. See mro and
perlmroapi.

Invalid negative number (%s) in chr
(W utf8) You passed a negative number to "chr". Negative numbers are not valid
character numbers, so it returns the Unicode replacement character (U+FFFD).

invalid option -D%c, use -D'' to see choices
(S debugging) Perl was called with invalid debugger flags. Call perl with the -D
option with no flags to see the list of acceptable values. See also "-Dletters" in
perlrun.

Invalid quantifier in {,} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The pattern looks like a {min,max} quantifier, but the min or max could not be
parsed as a valid number - either it has leading zeroes, or it represents too big a
number to cope with. The <-- HERE shows where in the regular expression the problem
was discovered. See perlre.

Invalid [] range "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The range specified in a character class had a minimum character greater than the
maximum character. One possibility is that you forgot the "{}" from your ending
"\x{}" - "\x" without the curly braces can go only up to "ff". The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Invalid range "%s" in transliteration operator
(F) The range specified in the tr/// or y/// operator had a minimum character greater
than the maximum character. See perlop.

Invalid separator character %s in attribute list
(F) Something other than a colon or whitespace was seen between the elements of an
attribute list. If the previous attribute had a parenthesised parameter list, perhaps
that list was terminated too soon. See attributes.

Invalid separator character %s in PerlIO layer specification %s
(W layer) When pushing layers onto the Perl I/O system, something other than a colon
or whitespace was seen between the elements of a layer list. If the previous
attribute had a parenthesised parameter list, perhaps that list was terminated too
soon.

Invalid strict version format (%s)
(F) A version number did not meet the "strict" criteria for versions. A "strict"
version number is a positive decimal number (integer or decimal-fraction) without
exponentiation or else a dotted-decimal v-string with a leading 'v' character and at
least three components. The parenthesized text indicates which criteria were not met.
See the version module for more details on allowed version formats.

Invalid type '%s' in %s
(F) The given character is not a valid pack or unpack type. See "pack" in perlfunc.

(W) The given character is not a valid pack or unpack type but used to be silently
ignored.

Invalid version format (%s)
(F) A version number did not meet the "lax" criteria for versions. A "lax" version
number is a positive decimal number (integer or decimal-fraction) without
exponentiation or else a dotted-decimal v-string. If the v-string has fewer than
three components, it must have a leading 'v' character. Otherwise, the leading 'v' is
optional. Both decimal and dotted-decimal versions may have a trailing "alpha"
component separated by an underscore character after a fractional or dotted-decimal
component. The parenthesized text indicates which criteria were not met. See the
version module for more details on allowed version formats.

Invalid version object
(F) The internal structure of the version object was invalid. Perhaps the internals
were modified directly in some way or an arbitrary reference was blessed into the
"version" class.

In '(*VERB...)', the '(' and '*' must be adjacent in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The two-character sequence "(*" in this context in a regular expression pattern
should be an indivisible token, with nothing intervening between the "(" and the "*",
but you separated them.

ioctl is not implemented
(F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement ioctl(), which is pretty strange for a
machine that supports C.

ioctl() on unopened %s
(W unopened) You tried ioctl() on a filehandle that was never opened. Check your
control flow and number of arguments.

IO layers (like '%s') unavailable
(F) Your Perl has not been configured to have PerlIO, and therefore you cannot use IO
layers. To have PerlIO, Perl must be configured with 'useperlio'.

IO::Socket::atmark not implemented on this architecture
(F) Your machine doesn't implement the sockatmark() functionality, neither as a system
call nor an ioctl call (SIOCATMARK).

'%s' is an unknown bound type in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used "\b{...}" or "\B{...}" and the "..." is not known to Perl. The current
valid ones are given in "\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B" in perlrebackslash.

"%s" is more clearly written simply as "%s" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) (only under "use re 'strict'" or within "(?[...])")

You specified a character that has the given plainer way of writing it, and which is
also portable to platforms running with different character sets.

$* is no longer supported
(D deprecated, syntax) The special variable $*, deprecated in older perls, has been
removed as of 5.10.0 and is no longer supported. In previous versions of perl the use
of $* enabled or disabled multi-line matching within a string.

Instead of using $* you should use the "/m" (and maybe "/s") regexp modifiers. You
can enable "/m" for a lexical scope (even a whole file) with "use re '/m'". (In older
versions: when $* was set to a true value then all regular expressions behaved as if
they were written using "/m".)

$# is no longer supported
(D deprecated, syntax) The special variable $#, deprecated in older perls, has been
removed as of 5.10.0 and is no longer supported. You should use the printf/sprintf
functions instead.

'%s' is not a code reference
(W overload) The second (fourth, sixth, ...) argument of overload::constant needs to
be a code reference. Either an anonymous subroutine, or a reference to a subroutine.

'%s' is not an overloadable type
(W overload) You tried to overload a constant type the overload package is unaware of.

-i used with no filenames on the command line, reading from STDIN
(S inplace) The "-i" option was passed on the command line, indicating that the script
is intended to edit files in place, but no files were given. This is usually a
mistake, since editing STDIN in place doesn't make sense, and can be confusing because
it can make perl look like it is hanging when it is really just trying to read from
STDIN. You should either pass a filename to edit, or remove "-i" from the command
line. See perlrun for more details.

Junk on end of regexp in regex m/%s/
(P) The regular expression parser is confused.

keys on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "keys" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

Label not found for "last %s"
(F) You named a loop to break out of, but you're not currently in a loop of that name,
not even if you count where you were called from. See "last" in perlfunc.

Label not found for "next %s"
(F) You named a loop to continue, but you're not currently in a loop of that name, not
even if you count where you were called from. See "last" in perlfunc.

Label not found for "redo %s"
(F) You named a loop to restart, but you're not currently in a loop of that name, not
even if you count where you were called from. See "last" in perlfunc.

leaving effective %s failed
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching the real and effective uids or
gids failed.

length/code after end of string in unpack
(F) While unpacking, the string buffer was already used up when an unpack length/code
combination tried to obtain more data. This results in an undefined value for the
length. See "pack" in perlfunc.

length() used on %s (did you mean "scalar(%s)"?)
(W syntax) You used length() on either an array or a hash when you probably wanted a
count of the items.

Array size can be obtained by doing:

scalar(@array);

The number of items in a hash can be obtained by doing:

scalar(keys %hash);

Lexing code attempted to stuff non-Latin-1 character into Latin-1 input
(F) An extension is attempting to insert text into the current parse (using
lex_stuff_pvn or similar), but tried to insert a character that couldn't be part of
the current input. This is an inherent pitfall of the stuffing mechanism, and one of
the reasons to avoid it. Where it is necessary to stuff, stuffing only plain ASCII is
recommended.

Lexing code internal error (%s)
(F) Lexing code supplied by an extension violated the lexer's API in a detectable way.

listen() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to do a listen on a closed socket. Did you forget to check the
return value of your socket() call? See "listen" in perlfunc.

List form of piped open not implemented
(F) On some platforms, notably Windows, the three-or-more-arguments form of "open"
does not support pipes, such as "open($pipe, '|-', @args)". Use the two-argument
"open($pipe, '|prog arg1 arg2...')" form instead.

%s: loadable library and perl binaries are mismatched (got handshake key %p, needed %p)
(P) A dynamic loading library ".so" or ".dll" was being loaded into the process that
was built against a different build of perl than the said library was compiled
against. Reinstalling the XS module will likely fix this error.

Locale '%s' may not work well.%s
(W locale) You are using the named locale, which is a non-UTF-8 one, and which perl
has determined is not fully compatible with what it can handle. The second %s gives a
reason.

By far the most common reason is that the locale has characters in it that are
represented by more than one byte. The only such locales that Perl can handle are the
UTF-8 locales. Most likely the specified locale is a non-UTF-8 one for an East Asian
language such as Chinese or Japanese. If the locale is a superset of ASCII, the ASCII
portion of it may work in Perl.

Some essentially obsolete locales that aren't supersets of ASCII, mainly those in ISO
646 or other 7-bit locales, such as ASMO 449, can also have problems, depending on
what portions of the ASCII character set get changed by the locale and are also used
by the program. The warning message lists the determinable conflicting characters.

Note that not all incompatibilities are found.

If this happens to you, there's not much you can do except switch to use a different
locale or use Encode to translate from the locale into UTF-8; if that's impracticable,
you have been warned that some things may break.

This message is output once each time a bad locale is switched into within the scope
of "use locale", or on the first possibly-affected operation if the "use locale"
inherits a bad one. It is not raised for any operations from the POSIX module.

localtime(%f) failed
(W overflow) You called "localtime" with a number that it could not handle: too large,
too small, or NaN. The returned value is "undef".

localtime(%f) too large
(W overflow) You called "localtime" with a number that was larger than it can reliably
handle and "localtime" probably returned the wrong date. This warning is also
triggered with NaN (the special not-a-number value).

localtime(%f) too small
(W overflow) You called "localtime" with a number that was smaller than it can
reliably handle and "localtime" probably returned the wrong date.

Lookbehind longer than %d not implemented in regex m/%s/
(F) There is currently a limit on the length of string which lookbehind can handle.
This restriction may be eased in a future release.

Lost precision when %s %f by 1
(W imprecision) The value you attempted to increment or decrement by one is too large
for the underlying floating point representation to store accurately, hence the target
of "++" or "--" is unchanged. Perl issues this warning because it has already
switched from integers to floating point when values are too large for integers, and
now even floating point is insufficient. You may wish to switch to using Math::BigInt
explicitly.

lstat() on filehandle%s
(W io) You tried to do an lstat on a filehandle. What did you mean by that? lstat()
makes sense only on filenames. (Perl did a fstat() instead on the filehandle.)

lvalue attribute %s already-defined subroutine
(W misc) Although attributes.pm allows this, turning the lvalue attribute on or off on
a Perl subroutine that is already defined does not always work properly. It may or
may not do what you want, depending on what code is inside the subroutine, with exact
details subject to change between Perl versions. Only do this if you really know what
you are doing.

lvalue attribute ignored after the subroutine has been defined
(W misc) Using the ":lvalue" declarative syntax to make a Perl subroutine an lvalue
subroutine after it has been defined is not permitted. To make the subroutine an
lvalue subroutine, add the lvalue attribute to the definition, or put the "sub foo
:lvalue;" declaration before the definition.

See also attributes.pm.

Magical list constants are not supported
(F) You assigned a magical array to a stash element, and then tried to use the
subroutine from the same slot. You are asking Perl to do something it cannot do,
details subject to change between Perl versions.

Malformed integer in [] in pack
(F) Between the brackets enclosing a numeric repeat count only digits are permitted.
See "pack" in perlfunc.

Malformed integer in [] in unpack
(F) Between the brackets enclosing a numeric repeat count only digits are permitted.
See "pack" in perlfunc.

Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX
(F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERLLIB_PREFIX should be of the form

prefix1;prefix2

or
prefix1 prefix2

with nonempty prefix1 and prefix2. If "prefix1" is indeed a prefix of a builtin
library search path, prefix2 is substituted. The error may appear if components are
not found, or are too long. See "PERLLIB_PREFIX" in perlos2.

Malformed prototype for %s: %s
(F) You tried to use a function with a malformed prototype. The syntax of function
prototypes is given a brief compile-time check for obvious errors like invalid
characters. A more rigorous check is run when the function is called. Perhaps the
function's author was trying to write a subroutine signature but didn't enable that
feature first ("use feature 'signatures'"), so the signature was instead interpreted
as a bad prototype.

Malformed UTF-8 character (%s)
(S utf8)(F) Perl detected a string that didn't comply with UTF-8 encoding rules, even
though it had the UTF8 flag on.

One possible cause is that you set the UTF8 flag yourself for data that you thought to
be in UTF-8 but it wasn't (it was for example legacy 8-bit data). To guard against
this, you can use Encode::decode_utf8.

If you use the ":encoding(UTF-8)" PerlIO layer for input, invalid byte sequences are
handled gracefully, but if you use ":utf8", the flag is set without validating the
data, possibly resulting in this error message.

See also "Handling Malformed Data" in Encode.

Malformed UTF-8 character immediately after '%s'
(F) You said "use utf8", but the program file doesn't comply with UTF-8 encoding
rules. The message prints out the properly encoded characters just before the first
bad one. If "utf8" warnings are enabled, a warning is generated that gives more
details about the type of malformation.

Malformed UTF-8 returned by \N{%s} immediately after '%s'
(F) The charnames handler returned malformed UTF-8.

Malformed UTF-8 string in '%c' format in unpack
(F) You tried to unpack something that didn't comply with UTF-8 encoding rules and
perl was unable to guess how to make more progress.

Malformed UTF-8 string in pack
(F) You tried to pack something that didn't comply with UTF-8 encoding rules and perl
was unable to guess how to make more progress.

Malformed UTF-8 string in unpack
(F) You tried to unpack something that didn't comply with UTF-8 encoding rules and
perl was unable to guess how to make more progress.

Malformed UTF-16 surrogate
(F) Perl thought it was reading UTF-16 encoded character data but while doing it Perl
met a malformed Unicode surrogate.

Mandatory parameter follows optional parameter
(F) In a subroutine signature, you wrote something like "$a = undef, $b", making an
earlier parameter optional and a later one mandatory. Parameters are filled from left
to right, so it's impossible for the caller to omit an earlier one and pass a later
one. If you want to act as if the parameters are filled from right to left, declare
the rightmost optional and then shuffle the parameters around in the subroutine's
body.

Matched non-Unicode code point 0x%X against Unicode property; may not be portable
(S non_unicode) Perl allows strings to contain a superset of Unicode code points; each
code point may be as large as what is storable in an unsigned integer on your system,
but these may not be accepted by other languages/systems. This message occurs when
you matched a string containing such a code point against a regular expression
pattern, and the code point was matched against a Unicode property, "\p{...}" or
"\P{...}". Unicode properties are only defined on Unicode code points, so the result
of this match is undefined by Unicode, but Perl (starting in v5.20) treats non-Unicode
code points as if they were typical unassigned Unicode ones, and matched this one
accordingly. Whether a given property matches these code points or not is specified
in "Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}" in perluniprops.

This message is suppressed (unless it has been made fatal) if it is immaterial to the
results of the match if the code point is Unicode or not. For example, the property
"\p{ASCII_Hex_Digit}" only can match the 22 characters "[0-9A-Fa-f]", so obviously all
other code points, Unicode or not, won't match it. (And "\P{ASCII_Hex_Digit}" will
match every code point except these 22.)

Getting this message indicates that the outcome of the match arguably should have been
the opposite of what actually happened. If you think that is the case, you may wish
to make the "non_unicode" warnings category fatal; if you agree with Perl's decision,
you may wish to turn off this category.

See "Beyond Unicode code points" in perlunicode for more information.

%s matches null string many times in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) The pattern you've specified would be an infinite loop if the regular
expression engine didn't specifically check for that. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts
in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Maximal count of pending signals (%u) exceeded
(F) Perl aborted due to too high a number of signals pending. This usually indicates
that your operating system tried to deliver signals too fast (with a very high
priority), starving the perl process from resources it would need to reach a point
where it can process signals safely. (See "Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)" in
perlipc.)

"%s" may clash with future reserved word
(W) This warning may be due to running a perl5 script through a perl4 interpreter,
especially if the word that is being warned about is "use" or "my".

'%' may not be used in pack
(F) You can't pack a string by supplying a checksum, because the checksumming process
loses information, and you can't go the other way. See "unpack" in perlfunc.

Method for operation %s not found in package %s during blessing
(F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an overloading table that doesn't
resolve to a valid subroutine. See overload.

Method %s not permitted
See Server error.

Might be a runaway multi-line %s string starting on line %d
(S) An advisory indicating that the previous error may have been caused by a missing
delimiter on a string or pattern, because it eventually ended earlier on the current
line.

Misplaced _ in number
(W syntax) An underscore (underbar) in a numeric constant did not separate two digits.

Missing argument in %s
(W missing) You called a function with fewer arguments than other arguments you
supplied indicated would be needed.

Currently only emitted when a printf-type format required more arguments than were
supplied, but might be used in the future for other cases where we can statically
determine that arguments to functions are missing, e.g. for the "pack" in perlfunc
function.

Missing argument to -%c
(F) The argument to the indicated command line switch must follow immediately after
the switch, without intervening spaces.

Missing braces on \N{}
Missing braces on \N{} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Wrong syntax of character name literal "\N{charname}" within double-quotish
context. This can also happen when there is a space (or comment) between the "\N" and
the "{" in a regex with the "/x" modifier. This modifier does not change the
requirement that the brace immediately follow the "\N".

Missing braces on \o{}
(F) A "\o" must be followed immediately by a "{" in double-quotish context.

Missing comma after first argument to %s function
(F) While certain functions allow you to specify a filehandle or an "indirect object"
before the argument list, this ain't one of them.

Missing command in piped open
(W pipe) You used the "open(FH, "| command")" or "open(FH, "command |")" construction,
but the command was missing or blank.

Missing control char name in \c
(F) A double-quoted string ended with "\c", without the required control character
name.

Missing ']' in prototype for %s : %s
(W illegalproto) A grouping was started with "[" but never closed with "]".

Missing name in "%s sub"
(F) The syntax for lexically scoped subroutines requires that they have a name with
which they can be found.

Missing $ on loop variable
(F) Apparently you've been programming in csh too much. Variables are always
mentioned with the $ in Perl, unlike in the shells, where it can vary from one line to
the next.

(Missing operator before %s?)
(S syntax) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s found
where operator expected". Often the missing operator is a comma.

Missing or undefined argument to require
(F) You tried to call require with no argument or with an undefined value as an
argument. Require expects either a package name or a file-specification as an
argument. See "require" in perlfunc.

Missing right brace on \%c{} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Missing right brace in "\x{...}", "\p{...}", "\P{...}", or "\N{...}".

Missing right brace on \N{}
Missing right brace on \N{} or unescaped left brace after \N
(F) "\N" has two meanings.

The traditional one has it followed by a name enclosed in braces, meaning the
character (or sequence of characters) given by that name. Thus "\N{ASTERISK}" is
another way of writing "*", valid in both double-quoted strings and regular expression
patterns. In patterns, it doesn't have the meaning an unescaped "*" does.

Starting in Perl 5.12.0, "\N" also can have an additional meaning (only) in patterns,
namely to match a non-newline character. (This is short for "[^\n]", and like "." but
is not affected by the "/s" regex modifier.)

This can lead to some ambiguities. When "\N" is not followed immediately by a left
brace, Perl assumes the "[^\n]" meaning. Also, if the braces form a valid quantifier
such as "\N{3}" or "\N{5,}", Perl assumes that this means to match the given quantity
of non-newlines (in these examples, 3; and 5 or more, respectively). In all other
case, where there is a "\N{" and a matching "}", Perl assumes that a character name is
desired.

However, if there is no matching "}", Perl doesn't know if it was mistakenly omitted,
or if "[^\n]{" was desired, and raises this error. If you meant the former, add the
right brace; if you meant the latter, escape the brace with a backslash, like so:
"\N\{"

Missing right curly or square bracket
(F) The lexer counted more opening curly or square brackets than closing ones. As a
general rule, you'll find it's missing near the place you were last editing.

(Missing semicolon on previous line?)
(S syntax) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s found
where operator expected". Don't automatically put a semicolon on the previous line
just because you saw this message.

Modification of a read-only value attempted
(F) You tried, directly or indirectly, to change the value of a constant. You didn't,
of course, try "2 = 1", because the compiler catches that. But an easy way to do the
same thing is:

sub mod { $_[0] = 1 }
mod(2);

Another way is to assign to a substr() that's off the end of the string.

Yet another way is to assign to a "foreach" loop VAR when VAR is aliased to a constant
in the look LIST:

$x = 1;
foreach my $n ($x, 2) {
$n *= 2; # modifies the $x, but fails on attempt to
} # modify the 2

Modification of non-creatable array value attempted, %s
(F) You tried to make an array value spring into existence, and the subscript was
probably negative, even counting from end of the array backwards.

Modification of non-creatable hash value attempted, %s
(P) You tried to make a hash value spring into existence, and it couldn't be created
for some peculiar reason.

Module name must be constant
(F) Only a bare module name is allowed as the first argument to a "use".

Module name required with -%c option
(F) The "-M" or "-m" options say that Perl should load some module, but you omitted
the name of the module. Consult perlrun for full details about "-M" and "-m".

More than one argument to '%s' open
(F) The "open" function has been asked to open multiple files. This can happen if you
are trying to open a pipe to a command that takes a list of arguments, but have
forgotten to specify a piped open mode. See "open" in perlfunc for details.

mprotect for COW string %p %u failed with %d
(S) You compiled perl with -DPERL_DEBUG_READONLY_COW (see "Copy on Write" in
perlguts), but a shared string buffer could not be made read-only.

mprotect for %p %u failed with %d
(S) You compiled perl with -DPERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS (see perlhacktips), but an op
tree could not be made read-only.

mprotect RW for COW string %p %u failed with %d
(S) You compiled perl with -DPERL_DEBUG_READONLY_COW (see "Copy on Write" in
perlguts), but a read-only shared string buffer could not be made mutable.

mprotect RW for %p %u failed with %d
(S) You compiled perl with -DPERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS (see perlhacktips), but a read-
only op tree could not be made mutable before freeing the ops.

msg%s not implemented
(F) You don't have System V message IPC on your system.

Multidimensional syntax %s not supported
(W syntax) Multidimensional arrays aren't written like $foo[1,2,3]. They're written
like $foo[1][2][3], as in C.

'/' must follow a numeric type in unpack
(F) You had an unpack template that contained a '/', but this did not follow some
unpack specification producing a numeric value. See "pack" in perlfunc.

"my sub" not yet implemented
(F) Lexically scoped subroutines are not yet implemented. Don't try that yet.

"my" subroutine %s can't be in a package
(F) Lexically scoped subroutines aren't in a package, so it doesn't make sense to try
to declare one with a package qualifier on the front.

"my %s" used in sort comparison
(W syntax) The package variables $a and $b are used for sort comparisons. You used $a
or $b in as an operand to the "<=>" or "cmp" operator inside a sort comparison block,
and the variable had earlier been declared as a lexical variable. Either qualify the
sort variable with the package name, or rename the lexical variable.

"my" variable %s can't be in a package
(F) Lexically scoped variables aren't in a package, so it doesn't make sense to try to
declare one with a package qualifier on the front. Use local() if you want to
localize a package variable.

Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo
(W once) Typographical errors often show up as unique variable names. If you had a
good reason for having a unique name, then just mention it again somehow to suppress
the message. The "our" declaration is also provided for this purpose.

NOTE: This warning detects package symbols that have been used only once. This means
lexical variables will never trigger this warning. It also means that all of the
package variables $c, @c, %c, as well as *c, &c, sub c{}, c(), and c (the filehandle
or format) are considered the same; if a program uses $c only once but also uses any
of the others it will not trigger this warning. Symbols beginning with an underscore
and symbols using special identifiers (q.v. perldata) are exempt from this warning.

Need exactly 3 octal digits in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Within "(?[ ])", all constants interpreted as octal need to be exactly 3 digits
long. This helps catch some ambiguities. If your constant is too short, add leading
zeros, like

(?[ [ \078 ] ]) # Syntax error!
(?[ [ \0078 ] ]) # Works
(?[ [ \007 8 ] ]) # Clearer

The maximum number this construct can express is "\777". If you need a larger one,
you need to use \o{} instead. If you meant two separate things, you need to separate
them:

(?[ [ \7776 ] ]) # Syntax error!
(?[ [ \o{7776} ] ]) # One meaning
(?[ [ \777 6 ] ]) # Another meaning
(?[ [ \777 \006 ] ]) # Still another

Negative '/' count in unpack
(F) The length count obtained from a length/code unpack operation was negative. See
"pack" in perlfunc.

Negative length
(F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation with a buffer length that is less
than 0. This is difficult to imagine.

Negative offset to vec in lvalue context
(F) When "vec" is called in an lvalue context, the second argument must be greater
than or equal to zero.

Negative repeat count does nothing
(W numeric) You tried to execute the "x" repetition operator fewer than 0 times, which
doesn't make sense.

Nested quantifiers in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You can't quantify a quantifier without intervening parentheses. So things like
** or +* or ?* are illegal. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression
the problem was discovered.

Note that the minimal matching quantifiers, "*?", "+?", and "??" appear to be nested
quantifiers, but aren't. See perlre.

%s never introduced
(S internal) The symbol in question was declared but somehow went out of scope before
it could possibly have been used.

next::method/next::can/maybe::next::method cannot find enclosing method
(F) "next::method" needs to be called within the context of a real method in a real
package, and it could not find such a context. See mro.

\N in a character class must be a named character: \N{...} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(F) The new (as of Perl 5.12) meaning of "\N" as "[^\n]" is not valid in a bracketed
character class, for the same reason that "." in a character class loses its
specialness: it matches almost everything, which is probably not what you want.

\N{} in inverted character class or as a range end-point is restricted to one character in
regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Named Unicode character escapes ("\N{...}") may return a multi-character sequence.
Even though a character class is supposed to match just one character of input, perl
will match the whole thing correctly, except when the class is inverted ("[^...]"), or
the escape is the beginning or final end point of a range. The mathematically logical
behavior for what matches when inverting is very different from what people expect, so
we have decided to forbid it. Similarly unclear is what should be generated when the
"\N{...}" is used as one of the end points of the range, such as in

[\x{41}-\N{ARABIC SEQUENCE YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE WITH AE}]

What is meant here is unclear, as the "\N{...}" escape is a sequence of code points,
so this is made an error.

\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) When compiling a regex pattern, an unresolved named character or sequence was
encountered. This can happen in any of several ways that bypass the lexer, such as
using single-quotish context, or an extra backslash in double-quotish:

$re = '\N{SPACE}'; # Wrong!
$re = "\\N{SPACE}"; # Wrong!
/$re/;

Instead, use double-quotes with a single backslash:

$re = "\N{SPACE}"; # ok
/$re/;

The lexer can be bypassed as well by creating the pattern from smaller components:

$re = '\N';
/${re}{SPACE}/; # Wrong!

It's not a good idea to split a construct in the middle like this, and it doesn't work
here. Instead use the solution above.

Finally, the message also can happen under the "/x" regex modifier when the "\N" is
separated by spaces from the "{", in which case, remove the spaces.

/\N {SPACE}/x; # Wrong!
/\N{SPACE}/x; # ok

No %s allowed while running setuid
(F) Certain operations are deemed to be too insecure for a setuid or setgid script to
even be allowed to attempt. Generally speaking there will be another way to do what
you want that is, if not secure, at least securable. See perlsec.

NO-BREAK SPACE in a charnames alias definition is deprecated
(D deprecated) You defined a character name which contained a no-break space
character. Change it to a regular space. Usually these names are defined in the
":alias" import argument to "use charnames", but they could be defined by a translator
installed into $^H{charnames}. See "CUSTOM ALIASES" in charnames.

No code specified for -%c
(F) Perl's -e and -E command-line options require an argument. If you want to run an
empty program, pass the empty string as a separate argument or run a program
consisting of a single 0 or 1:

perl -e ""
perl -e0
perl -e1

No comma allowed after %s
(F) A list operator that has a filehandle or "indirect object" is not allowed to have
a comma between that and the following arguments. Otherwise it'd be just another one
of the arguments.

One possible cause for this is that you expected to have imported a constant to your
name space with use or import while no such importing took place, it may for example
be that your operating system does not support that particular constant. Hopefully
you did use an explicit import list for the constants you expect to see; please see
"use" in perlfunc and "import" in perlfunc. While an explicit import list would
probably have caught this error earlier it naturally does not remedy the fact that
your operating system still does not support that constant. Maybe you have a typo in
the constants of the symbol import list of use or import or in the constant name at
the line where this error was triggered?

No command into which to pipe on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection, and
found a '|' at the end of the command line, so it doesn't know where you want to pipe
the output from this command.

No DB::DB routine defined
(F) The currently executing code was compiled with the -d switch, but for some reason
the current debugger (e.g. perl5db.pl or a "Devel::" module) didn't define a routine
to be called at the beginning of each statement.

No dbm on this machine
(P) This is counted as an internal error, because every machine should supply dbm
nowadays, because Perl comes with SDBM. See SDBM_File.

No DB::sub routine defined
(F) The currently executing code was compiled with the -d switch, but for some reason
the current debugger (e.g. perl5db.pl or a "Devel::" module) didn't define a "DB::sub"
routine to be called at the beginning of each ordinary subroutine call.

No directory specified for -I
(F) The -I command-line switch requires a directory name as part of the same argument.
Use -Ilib, for instance. -I lib won't work.

No error file after 2> or 2>> on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection, and
found a '2>' or a '2>>' on the command line, but can't find the name of the file to
which to write data destined for stderr.

No group ending character '%c' found in template
(F) A pack or unpack template has an opening '(' or '[' without its matching
counterpart. See "pack" in perlfunc.

No input file after < on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection, and
found a '<' on the command line, but can't find the name of the file from which to
read data for stdin.

No next::method '%s' found for %s
(F) "next::method" found no further instances of this method name in the remaining
packages of the MRO of this class. If you don't want it throwing an exception, use
"maybe::next::method" or "next::can". See mro.

Non-finite repeat count does nothing
(W numeric) You tried to execute the "x" repetition operator "Inf" (or "-Inf") or
"NaN" times, which doesn't make sense.

Non-hex character in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) In a regular expression, there was a non-hexadecimal character where a hex one was
expected, like

(?[ [ \xDG ] ])
(?[ [ \x{DEKA} ] ])

Non-octal character in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) In a regular expression, there was a non-octal character where an octal one was
expected, like

(?[ [ \o{1278} ] ])

Non-octal character '%c'. Resolved as "%s"
(W digit) In parsing an octal numeric constant, a character was unexpectedly
encountered that isn't octal. The resulting value is as indicated.

"no" not allowed in expression
(F) The "no" keyword is recognized and executed at compile time, and returns no useful
value. See perlmod.

Non-string passed as bitmask
(W misc) A number has been passed as a bitmask argument to select(). Use the vec()
function to construct the file descriptor bitmasks for select. See "select" in
perlfunc.

No output file after > on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection, and
found a lone '>' at the end of the command line, so it doesn't know where you wanted
to redirect stdout.

No output file after > or >> on command line
(F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection, and
found a '>' or a '>>' on the command line, but can't find the name of the file to
which to write data destined for stdout.

No package name allowed for variable %s in "our"
(F) Fully qualified variable names are not allowed in "our" declarations, because that
doesn't make much sense under existing rules. Such syntax is reserved for future
extensions.

No Perl script found in input
(F) You called "perl -x", but no line was found in the file beginning with #! and
containing the word "perl".

No setregid available
(F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the setregid() call for your system.

No setreuid available
(F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the setreuid() call for your system.

No such class %s
(F) You provided a class qualifier in a "my", "our" or "state" declaration, but this
class doesn't exist at this point in your program.

No such class field "%s" in variable %s of type %s
(F) You tried to access a key from a hash through the indicated typed variable but
that key is not allowed by the package of the same type. The indicated package has
restricted the set of allowed keys using the fields pragma.

No such hook: %s
(F) You specified a signal hook that was not recognized by Perl. Currently, Perl
accepts "__DIE__" and "__WARN__" as valid signal hooks.

No such pipe open
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. The internal routine my_pclose() tried to close a pipe
which hadn't been opened. This should have been caught earlier as an attempt to close
an unopened filehandle.

No such signal: SIG%s
(W signal) You specified a signal name as a subscript to %SIG that was not recognized.
Say "kill -l" in your shell to see the valid signal names on your system.

Not a CODE reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code value (that is, a subroutine),
but found a reference to something else instead. You can use the ref() function to
find out what kind of ref it really was. See also perlref.

Not a GLOB reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a "typeglob" (that is, a symbol table
entry that looks like *foo), but found a reference to something else instead. You can
use the ref() function to find out what kind of ref it really was. See perlref.

Not a HASH reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a hash value, but found a reference to
something else instead. You can use the ref() function to find out what kind of ref
it really was. See perlref.

Not an ARRAY reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to an array value, but found a reference
to something else instead. You can use the ref() function to find out what kind of
ref it really was. See perlref.

Not an unblessed ARRAY reference
(F) You passed a reference to a blessed array to "push", "shift" or another array
function. These only accept unblessed array references or arrays beginning explicitly
with "@".

Not a SCALAR reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a scalar value, but found a reference
to something else instead. You can use the ref() function to find out what kind of
ref it really was. See perlref.

Not a subroutine reference
(F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code value (that is, a subroutine),
but found a reference to something else instead. You can use the ref() function to
find out what kind of ref it really was. See also perlref.

Not a subroutine reference in overload table
(F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an overloading table that doesn't
somehow point to a valid subroutine. See overload.

Not enough arguments for %s
(F) The function requires more arguments than you specified.

Not enough format arguments
(W syntax) A format specified more picture fields than the next line supplied. See
perlform.

%s: not found
(A) You've accidentally run your script through the Bourne shell instead of Perl.
Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

(?[...]) not valid in locale in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) "(?[...])" cannot be used within the scope of a "use locale" or with an "/l"
regular expression modifier, as that would require deferring to run-time the
calculation of what it should evaluate to, and it is regex compile-time only.

no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl was unable to find the local timezone offset, so
it's assuming that local system time is equivalent to UTC. If it's not, define the
logical name SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL to translate to the number of seconds which
need to be added to UTC to get local time.

NULL OP IN RUN
(S debugging) Some internal routine called run() with a null opcode pointer.

Null picture in formline
(F) The first argument to formline must be a valid format picture specification. It
was found to be empty, which probably means you supplied it an uninitialized value.
See perlform.

Null realloc
(P) An attempt was made to realloc NULL.

NULL regexp argument
(P) The internal pattern matching routines blew it big time.

NULL regexp parameter
(P) The internal pattern matching routines are out of their gourd.

Number too long
(F) Perl limits the representation of decimal numbers in programs to about 250
characters. You've exceeded that length. Future versions of Perl are likely to
eliminate this arbitrary limitation. In the meantime, try using scientific notation
(e.g. "1e6" instead of "1_000_000").

Number with no digits
(F) Perl was looking for a number but found nothing that looked like a number. This
happens, for example with "\o{}", with no number between the braces.

Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable
(W portable) The octal number you specified is larger than 2**32-1 (4294967295) and
therefore non-portable between systems. See perlport for more on portability
concerns.

Odd name/value argument for subroutine
(F) A subroutine using a slurpy hash parameter in its signature received an odd number
of arguments to populate the hash. It requires the arguments to be paired, with the
same number of keys as values. The caller of the subroutine is presumably at fault.
Inconveniently, this error will be reported at the location of the subroutine, not
that of the caller.

Odd number of arguments for overload::constant
(W overload) The call to overload::constant contained an odd number of arguments. The
arguments should come in pairs.

Odd number of elements in anonymous hash
(W misc) You specified an odd number of elements to initialize a hash, which is odd,
because hashes come in key/value pairs.

Odd number of elements in hash assignment
(W misc) You specified an odd number of elements to initialize a hash, which is odd,
because hashes come in key/value pairs.

Offset outside string
(F)(W layer) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv/seek operation with an offset
pointing outside the buffer. This is difficult to imagine. The sole exceptions to
this are that zero padding will take place when going past the end of the string when
either "sysread()"ing a file, or when seeking past the end of a scalar opened for I/O
(in anticipation of future reads and to imitate the behavior with real files).

%s() on unopened %s
(W unopened) An I/O operation was attempted on a filehandle that was never
initialized. You need to do an open(), a sysopen(), or a socket() call, or call a
constructor from the FileHandle package.

-%s on unopened filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried to invoke a file test operator on a filehandle that isn't open.
Check your control flow. See also "-X" in perlfunc.

oops: oopsAV
(S internal) An internal warning that the grammar is screwed up.

oops: oopsHV
(S internal) An internal warning that the grammar is screwed up.

Opening dirhandle %s also as a file
(D io, deprecated) You used open() to associate a filehandle to a symbol (glob or
scalar) that already holds a dirhandle. Although legal, this idiom might render your
code confusing and is deprecated.

Opening filehandle %s also as a directory
(D io, deprecated) You used opendir() to associate a dirhandle to a symbol (glob or
scalar) that already holds a filehandle. Although legal, this idiom might render your
code confusing and is deprecated.

Operand with no preceding operator in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You wrote something like

(?[ \p{Digit} \p{Thai} ])

There are two operands, but no operator giving how you want to combine them.

Operation "%s": no method found, %s
(F) An attempt was made to perform an overloaded operation for which no handler was
defined. While some handlers can be autogenerated in terms of other handlers, there
is no default handler for any operation, unless the "fallback" overloading key is
specified to be true. See overload.

Operation "%s" returns its argument for non-Unicode code point 0x%X
(S non_unicode) You performed an operation requiring Unicode rules on a code point
that is not in Unicode, so what it should do is not defined. Perl has chosen to have
it do nothing, and warn you.

If the operation shown is "ToFold", it means that case-insensitive matching in a
regular expression was done on the code point.

If you know what you are doing you can turn off this warning by "no warnings
'non_unicode';".

Operation "%s" returns its argument for UTF-16 surrogate U+%X
(S surrogate) You performed an operation requiring Unicode rules on a Unicode
surrogate. Unicode frowns upon the use of surrogates for anything but storing strings
in UTF-16, but rules are (reluctantly) defined for the surrogates, and they are to do
nothing for this operation. Because the use of surrogates can be dangerous, Perl
warns.

If the operation shown is "ToFold", it means that case-insensitive matching in a
regular expression was done on the code point.

If you know what you are doing you can turn off this warning by "no warnings
'surrogate';".

Operator or semicolon missing before %s
(S ambiguous) You used a variable or subroutine call where the parser was expecting an
operator. The parser has assumed you really meant to use an operator, but this is
highly likely to be incorrect. For example, if you say "*foo *foo" it will be
interpreted as if you said "*foo * 'foo'".

Optional parameter lacks default expression
(F) In a subroutine signature, you wrote something like "$a =", making a named
optional parameter without a default value. A nameless optional parameter is
permitted to have no default value, but a named one must have a specific default. You
probably want "$a = undef".

"our" variable %s redeclared
(W misc) You seem to have already declared the same global once before in the current
lexical scope.

Out of memory!
(X) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining
memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request. Perl has no option but to exit
immediately.

At least in Unix you may be able to get past this by increasing your process datasize
limits: in csh/tcsh use "limit" and "limit datasize n" (where "n" is the number of
kilobytes) to check the current limits and change them, and in ksh/bash/zsh use
"ulimit -a" and "ulimit -d n", respectively.

Out of memory during %s extend
(X) An attempt was made to extend an array, a list, or a string beyond the largest
possible memory allocation.

Out of memory during "large" request for %s
(F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining
memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request. However, the request was judged
large enough (compile-time default is 64K), so a possibility to shut down by trapping
this error is granted.

Out of memory during request for %s
(X)(F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient remaining
memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request.

The request was judged to be small, so the possibility to trap it depends on the way
perl was compiled. By default it is not trappable. However, if compiled for this,
Perl may use the contents of $^M as an emergency pool after die()ing with this
message. In this case the error is trappable once, and the error message will include
the line and file where the failed request happened.

Out of memory during ridiculously large request
(F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount" bytes. This error is most likely
to be caused by a typo in the Perl program. e.g., $arr[time] instead of $arr[$time].

Out of memory for yacc stack
(F) The yacc parser wanted to grow its stack so it could continue parsing, but
realloc() wouldn't give it more memory, virtual or otherwise.

'.' outside of string in pack
(F) The argument to a '.' in your template tried to move the working position to
before the start of the packed string being built.

'@' outside of string in unpack
(F) You had a template that specified an absolute position outside the string being
unpacked. See "pack" in perlfunc.

'@' outside of string with malformed UTF-8 in unpack
(F) You had a template that specified an absolute position outside the string being
unpacked. The string being unpacked was also invalid UTF-8. See "pack" in perlfunc.

overload arg '%s' is invalid
(W overload) The overload pragma was passed an argument it did not recognize. Did you
mistype an operator?

Overloaded dereference did not return a reference
(F) An object with an overloaded dereference operator was dereferenced, but the
overloaded operation did not return a reference. See overload.

Overloaded qr did not return a REGEXP
(F) An object with a "qr" overload was used as part of a match, but the overloaded
operation didn't return a compiled regexp. See overload.

%s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s
(W reserved) A lowercase attribute name was used that had a package-specific handler.
That name might have a meaning to Perl itself some day, even though it doesn't yet.
Perhaps you should use a mixed-case attribute name, instead. See attributes.

pack/unpack repeat count overflow
(F) You can't specify a repeat count so large that it overflows your signed integers.
See "pack" in perlfunc.

page overflow
(W io) A single call to write() produced more lines than can fit on a page. See
perlform.

panic: %s
(P) An internal error.

panic: attempt to call %s in %s
(P) One of the file test operators entered a code branch that calls an ACL related-
function, but that function is not available on this platform. Earlier checks mean
that it should not be possible to enter this branch on this platform.

panic: child pseudo-process was never scheduled
(P) A child pseudo-process in the ithreads implementation on Windows was not scheduled
within the time period allowed and therefore was not able to initialize properly.

panic: ck_grep, type=%u
(P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to compile a grep.

panic: ck_split, type=%u
(P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to compile a split.

panic: corrupt saved stack index %ld
(P) The savestack was requested to restore more localized values than there are in the
savestack.

panic: del_backref
(P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying to reset a weak reference.

panic: die %s
(P) We popped the context stack to an eval context, and then discovered it wasn't an
eval context.

panic: do_subst
(P) The internal pp_subst() routine was called with invalid operational data.

panic: do_trans_%s
(P) The internal do_trans routines were called with invalid operational data.

panic: fold_constants JMPENV_PUSH returned %d
(P) While attempting folding constants an exception other than an "eval" failure was
caught.

panic: frexp: %f
(P) The library function frexp() failed, making printf("%f") impossible.

panic: goto, type=%u, ix=%ld
(P) We popped the context stack to a context with the specified label, and then
discovered it wasn't a context we know how to do a goto in.

panic: gp_free failed to free glob pointer
(P) The internal routine used to clear a typeglob's entries tried repeatedly, but each
time something re-created entries in the glob. Most likely the glob contains an
object with a reference back to the glob and a destructor that adds a new object to
the glob.

panic: INTERPCASEMOD, %s
(P) The lexer got into a bad state at a case modifier.

panic: INTERPCONCAT, %s
(P) The lexer got into a bad state parsing a string with brackets.

panic: kid popen errno read
(F) A forked child returned an incomprehensible message about its errno.

panic: last, type=%u
(P) We popped the context stack to a block context, and then discovered it wasn't a
block context.

panic: leave_scope clearsv
(P) A writable lexical variable became read-only somehow within the scope.

panic: leave_scope inconsistency %u
(P) The savestack probably got out of sync. At least, there was an invalid enum on
the top of it.

panic: magic_killbackrefs
(P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying to reset all weak references to
an object.

panic: malloc, %s
(P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of malloc.

panic: memory wrap
(P) Something tried to allocate either more memory than possible or a negative amount.

panic: pad_alloc, %p!=%p
(P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating and freeing
temporaries and lexicals from.

panic: pad_free curpad, %p!=%p
(P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating and freeing
temporaries and lexicals from.

panic: pad_free po
(P) A zero scratch pad offset was detected internally. An attempt was made to free a
target that had not been allocated to begin with.

panic: pad_reset curpad, %p!=%p
(P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating and freeing
temporaries and lexicals from.

panic: pad_sv po
(P) A zero scratch pad offset was detected internally. Most likely an operator needed
a target but that target had not been allocated for whatever reason.

panic: pad_swipe curpad, %p!=%p
(P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating and freeing
temporaries and lexicals from.

panic: pad_swipe po
(P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected internally.

panic: pp_iter, type=%u
(P) The foreach iterator got called in a non-loop context frame.

panic: pp_match%s
(P) The internal pp_match() routine was called with invalid operational data.

panic: pp_split, pm=%p, s=%p
(P) Something terrible went wrong in setting up for the split.

panic: realloc, %s
(P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of realloc.

panic: reference miscount on nsv in sv_replace() (%d != 1)
(P) The internal sv_replace() function was handed a new SV with a reference count
other than 1.

panic: restartop in %s
(P) Some internal routine requested a goto (or something like it), and didn't supply
the destination.

panic: return, type=%u
(P) We popped the context stack to a subroutine or eval context, and then discovered
it wasn't a subroutine or eval context.

panic: scan_num, %s
(P) scan_num() got called on something that wasn't a number.

panic: Sequence (?{...}): no code block found in regex m/%s/
(P) While compiling a pattern that has embedded (?{}) or (??{}) code blocks, perl
couldn't locate the code block that should have already been seen and compiled by perl
before control passed to the regex compiler.

panic: strxfrm() gets absurd - a => %u, ab => %u
(P) The interpreter's sanity check of the C function strxfrm() failed. In your
current locale the returned transformation of the string "ab" is shorter than that of
the string "a", which makes no sense.

panic: sv_chop %s
(P) The sv_chop() routine was passed a position that is not within the scalar's string
buffer.

panic: sv_insert, midend=%p, bigend=%p
(P) The sv_insert() routine was told to remove more string than there was string.

panic: top_env
(P) The compiler attempted to do a goto, or something weird like that.

panic: unimplemented op %s (#%d) called
(P) The compiler is screwed up and attempted to use an op that isn't permitted at run
time.

panic: utf16_to_utf8: odd bytelen
(P) Something tried to call utf16_to_utf8 with an odd (as opposed to even) byte
length.

panic: utf16_to_utf8_reversed: odd bytelen
(P) Something tried to call utf16_to_utf8_reversed with an odd (as opposed to even)
byte length.

panic: yylex, %s
(P) The lexer got into a bad state while processing a case modifier.

Parentheses missing around "%s" list
(W parenthesis) You said something like

my $foo, $bar = @_;

when you meant

my ($foo, $bar) = @_;

Remember that "my", "our", "local" and "state" bind tighter than comma.

Parsing code internal error (%s)
(F) Parsing code supplied by an extension violated the parser's API in a detectable
way.

Passing malformed UTF-8 to "%s" is deprecated
(D deprecated, utf8) This message indicates a bug either in the Perl core or in XS
code. Such code was trying to find out if a character, allegedly stored internally
encoded as UTF-8, was of a given type, such as being punctuation or a digit. But the
character was not encoded in legal UTF-8. The %s is replaced by a string that can be
used by knowledgeable people to determine what the type being checked against was. If
"utf8" warnings are enabled, a further message is raised, giving details of the
malformation.

Pattern subroutine nesting without pos change exceeded limit in regex
(F) You used a pattern that uses too many nested subpattern calls without consuming
any text. Restructure the pattern so text is consumed before the nesting limit is
exceeded.

"-p" destination: %s
(F) An error occurred during the implicit output invoked by the "-p" command-line
switch. (This output goes to STDOUT unless you've redirected it with select().)

Perl API version %s of %s does not match %s
(F) The XS module in question was compiled against a different incompatible version of
Perl than the one that has loaded the XS module.

Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%X; please use the perlbug utility to report;
in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(S regexp) You used a regular expression with case-insensitive matching, and there is
a bug in Perl in which the built-in regular expression folding rules are not accurate.
This may lead to incorrect results. Please report this as a bug using the perlbug
utility.

PerlIO layer ':win32' is experimental
(S experimental::win32_perlio) The ":win32" PerlIO layer is experimental. If you want
to take the risk of using this layer, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::win32_perlio";

Perl_my_%s() not available
(F) Your platform has very uncommon byte-order and integer size, so it was not
possible to set up some or all fixed-width byte-order conversion functions. This is
only a problem when you're using the '<' or '>' modifiers in (un)pack templates. See
"pack" in perlfunc.

Perl %s required (did you mean %s?)--this is only %s, stopped
(F) The code you are trying to run has asked for a newer version of Perl than you are
running. Perhaps "use 5.10" was written instead of "use 5.010" or "use v5.10".
Without the leading "v", the number is interpreted as a decimal, with every three
digits after the decimal point representing a part of the version number. So 5.10 is
equivalent to v5.100.

Perl %s required--this is only %s, stopped
(F) The module in question uses features of a version of Perl more recent than the
currently running version. How long has it been since you upgraded, anyway? See
"require" in perlfunc.

PERL_SH_DIR too long
(F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERL_SH_DIR is the directory to find the "sh"-shell
in. See "PERL_SH_DIR" in perlos2.

PERL_SIGNALS illegal: "%s"
(X) See "PERL_SIGNALS" in perlrun for legal values.

Perls since %s too modern--this is %s, stopped
(F) The code you are trying to run claims it will not run on the version of Perl you
are using because it is too new. Maybe the code needs to be updated, or maybe it is
simply wrong and the version check should just be removed.

perl: warning: Non hex character in '$ENV{PERL_HASH_SEED}', seed only partially set
(S) PERL_HASH_SEED should match /^\s*(?:0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]+\s*\z/ but it contained a non
hex character. This could mean you are not using the hash seed you think you are.

perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
(S) The whole warning message will look something like:

perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
LC_ALL = "En_US",
LANG = (unset)
are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").

Exactly what were the failed locale settings varies. In the above the settings were
that the LC_ALL was "En_US" and the LANG had no value. This error means that Perl
detected that you and/or your operating system supplier and/or system administrator
have set up the so-called locale system but Perl could not use those settings. This
was not dead serious, fortunately: there is a "default locale" called "C" that Perl
can and will use, and the script will be run. Before you really fix the problem,
however, you will get the same error message each time you run Perl. How to really
fix the problem can be found in perllocale section LOCALE PROBLEMS.

perl: warning: strange setting in '$ENV{PERL_PERTURB_KEYS}': '%s'
(S) Perl was run with the environment variable PERL_PERTURB_KEYS defined but
containing an unexpected value. The legal values of this setting are as follows.

Numeric | String | Result
--------+---------------+-----------------------------------------
0 | NO | Disables key traversal randomization
1 | RANDOM | Enables full key traversal randomization
2 | DETERMINISTIC | Enables repeatable key traversal
| | randomization

Both numeric and string values are accepted, but note that string values are case
sensitive. The default for this setting is "RANDOM" or 1.

pid %x not a child
(W exec) A warning peculiar to VMS. Waitpid() was asked to wait for a process which
isn't a subprocess of the current process. While this is fine from VMS' perspective,
it's probably not what you intended.

'P' must have an explicit size in unpack
(F) The unpack format P must have an explicit size, not "*".

pop on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "pop" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

POSIX class [:%s:] unknown in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The class in the character class [: :] syntax is unknown. The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. Note that the POSIX
character classes do not have the "is" prefix the corresponding C interfaces have: in
other words, it's "[[:print:]]", not "isprint". See perlre.

POSIX getpgrp can't take an argument
(F) Your system has POSIX getpgrp(), which takes no argument, unlike the BSD version,
which takes a pid.

POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(W regexp) The character class constructs [: :], [= =], and [. .] go inside character
classes, the [] are part of the construct, for example: /[012[:alpha:]345]/. Note
that [= =] and [. .] are not currently implemented; they are simply placeholders for
future extensions and will cause fatal errors. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the
regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

POSIX syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning with "[."
and ending with ".]" is reserved for future extensions. If you need to represent
those character sequences inside a regular expression character class, just quote the
square brackets with the backslash: "\[." and ".\]". The <-- HERE shows whereabouts
in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

POSIX syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning with "[="
and ending with "=]" is reserved for future extensions. If you need to represent
those character sequences inside a regular expression character class, just quote the
square brackets with the backslash: "\[=" and "=\]". The <-- HERE shows whereabouts
in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list
(W qw) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; as with literal strings,
comment characters are not ignored, but are instead treated as literal data. (You may
have used different delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also
frequently used.)

You probably wrote something like this:

@list = qw(
a # a comment
b # another comment
);

when you should have written this:

@list = qw(
a
b
);

If you really want comments, build your list the old-fashioned way, with quotes and
commas:

@list = (
'a', # a comment
'b', # another comment
);

Possible attempt to separate words with commas
(W qw) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; therefore commas aren't
needed to separate the items. (You may have used different delimiters than the
parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.)

You probably wrote something like this:

qw! a, b, c !;

which puts literal commas into some of the list items. Write it without commas if you
don't want them to appear in your data:

qw! a b c !;

Possible memory corruption: %s overflowed 3rd argument
(F) An ioctl() or fcntl() returned more than Perl was bargaining for. Perl guesses a
reasonable buffer size, but puts a sentinel byte at the end of the buffer just in
case. This sentinel byte got clobbered, and Perl assumes that memory is now
corrupted. See "ioctl" in perlfunc.

Possible precedence issue with control flow operator
(W syntax) There is a possible problem with the mixing of a control flow operator
(e.g. "return") and a low-precedence operator like "or". Consider:

sub { return $a or $b; }

This is parsed as:

sub { (return $a) or $b; }

Which is effectively just:

sub { return $a; }

Either use parentheses or the high-precedence variant of the operator.

Note this may be also triggered for constructs like:

sub { 1 if die; }

Possible precedence problem on bitwise %s operator
(W precedence) Your program uses a bitwise logical operator in conjunction with a
numeric comparison operator, like this :

if ($x & $y == 0) { ... }

This expression is actually equivalent to "$x & ($y == 0)", due to the higher
precedence of "==". This is probably not what you want. (If you really meant to
write this, disable the warning, or, better, put the parentheses explicitly and write
"$x & ($y == 0)").

Possible unintended interpolation of $\ in regex
(W ambiguous) You said something like "m/$\/" in a regex. The regex "m/foo$\s+bar/m"
translates to: match the word 'foo', the output record separator (see "$\" in perlvar)
and the letter 's' (one time or more) followed by the word 'bar'.

If this is what you intended then you can silence the warning by using "m/${\}/" (for
example: "m/foo${\}s+bar/").

If instead you intended to match the word 'foo' at the end of the line followed by
whitespace and the word 'bar' on the next line then you can use "m/$(?)\/" (for
example: "m/foo$(?)\s+bar/").

Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string
(W ambiguous) You said something like '@foo' in a double-quoted string but there was
no array @foo in scope at the time. If you wanted a literal @foo, then write it as
\@foo; otherwise find out what happened to the array you apparently lost track of.

Postfix dereference is experimental
(S experimental::postderef) This warning is emitted if you use the experimental
postfix dereference syntax. Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the
feature, but know that in doing so you are taking the risk of using an experimental
feature which may change or be removed in a future Perl version:

no warnings "experimental::postderef";
use feature "postderef", "postderef_qq";
$ref->$*;
$aref->@*;
$aref->@[@indices];
... etc ...

Precedence problem: open %s should be open(%s)
(S precedence) The old irregular construct

open FOO || die;

is now misinterpreted as

open(FOO || die);

because of the strict regularization of Perl 5's grammar into unary and list
operators. (The old open was a little of both.) You must put parentheses around the
filehandle, or use the new "or" operator instead of "||".

Premature end of script headers
See Server error.

printf() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
Check your control flow.

print() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're printing on got itself closed sometime before now.
Check your control flow.

Process terminated by SIG%s
(W) This is a standard message issued by OS/2 applications, while *nix applications
die in silence. It is considered a feature of the OS/2 port. One can easily disable
this by appropriate sighandlers, see "Signals" in perlipc. See also "Process
terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT" in perlos2.

Property '%s' is unknown in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The named property which you specified via "\p" or "\P" is not one known to Perl.
Perhaps you misspelled the name? See "Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}" in
perluniprops for a complete list of available official properties. If it is a user-
defined property it must have been defined by the time the regular expression is
compiled.

Prototype after '%c' for %s : %s
(W illegalproto) A character follows % or @ in a prototype. This is useless, since %
and @ gobble the rest of the subroutine arguments.

Prototype mismatch: %s vs %s
(S prototype) The subroutine being declared or defined had previously been declared or
defined with a different function prototype.

Prototype not terminated
(F) You've omitted the closing parenthesis in a function prototype definition.

Prototype '%s' overridden by attribute 'prototype(%s)' in %s
(W prototype) A prototype was declared in both the parentheses after the sub name and
via the prototype attribute. The prototype in parentheses is useless, since it will
be replaced by the prototype from the attribute before it's ever used.

push on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "push" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

Quantifier follows nothing in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You started a regular expression with a quantifier. Backslash it if you meant it
literally. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was
discovered. See perlre.

Quantifier in {,} bigger than %d in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) There is currently a limit to the size of the min and max values of the {min,max}
construct. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was
discovered. See perlre.

Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match in regex
Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) Minima should be less than or equal to maxima. If you really want your
regexp to match something 0 times, just put {0}.

Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression in regex m/%s/
(W regexp) You applied a regular expression quantifier in a place where it makes no
sense, such as on a zero-width assertion. Try putting the quantifier inside the
assertion instead. For example, the way to match "abc" provided that it is followed
by three repetitions of "xyz" is "/abc(?=(?:xyz){3})/", not "/abc(?=xyz){3}/".

Range iterator outside integer range
(F) One (or both) of the numeric arguments to the range operator ".." are outside the
range which can be represented by integers internally. One possible workaround is to
force Perl to use magical string increment by prepending "0" to your numbers.

Ranges of ASCII printables should be some subset of "0-9", "A-Z", or "a-z" in regex;
marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) (only under "use re 'strict'" or within "(?[...])")

Stricter rules help to find typos and other errors. Perhaps you didn't even intend a
range here, if the "-" was meant to be some other character, or should have been
escaped (like "\-"). If you did intend a range, the one that was used is not portable
between ASCII and EBCDIC platforms, and doesn't have an obvious meaning to a casual
reader.

[3-7] # OK; Obvious and portable
[d-g] # OK; Obvious and portable
[A-Y] # OK; Obvious and portable
[A-z] # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
[a-Z] # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
[%-.] # WRONG; Not portable; not clear what is meant
[\x41-Z] # WRONG; Not portable; not obvious to non-geek

(You can force portability by specifying a Unicode range, which means that the
endpoints are specified by "\N{...}", but the meaning may still not be obvious.) The
stricter rules require that ranges that start or stop with an ASCII character that is
not a control have all their endpoints be the literal character, and not some escape
sequence (like "\x41"), and the ranges must be all digits, or all uppercase letters,
or all lowercase letters.

Ranges of digits should be from the same group in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) (only under "use re 'strict'" or within "(?[...])")

Stricter rules help to find typos and other errors. You included a range, and at
least one of the end points is a decimal digit. Under the stricter rules, when this
happens, both end points should be digits in the same group of 10 consecutive digits.

readdir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
(W io) The dirhandle you're reading from is either closed or not really a dirhandle.
Check your control flow.

readline() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're reading from got itself closed sometime before now.
Check your control flow.

read() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) You tried to read from a closed filehandle.

read() on unopened filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried to read from a filehandle that was never opened.

Reallocation too large: %x
(F) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine.

realloc() of freed memory ignored
(S malloc) An internal routine called realloc() on something that had already been
freed.

Recompile perl with -DDEBUGGING to use -D switch
(S debugging) You can't use the -D option unless the code to produce the desired
output is compiled into Perl, which entails some overhead, which is why it's currently
left out of your copy.

Recursive call to Perl_load_module in PerlIO_find_layer
(P) It is currently not permitted to load modules when creating a filehandle inside an
%INC hook. This can happen with "open my $fh, '<', \$scalar", which implicitly loads
PerlIO::scalar. Try loading PerlIO::scalar explicitly first.

Recursive inheritance detected in package '%s'
(F) While calculating the method resolution order (MRO) of a package, Perl believes it
found an infinite loop in the @ISA hierarchy. This is a crude check that bails out
after 100 levels of @ISA depth.

Redundant argument in %s
(W redundant) You called a function with more arguments than other arguments you
supplied indicated would be needed. Currently only emitted when a printf-type format
required fewer arguments than were supplied, but might be used in the future for e.g.
"pack" in perlfunc.

refcnt_dec: fd %d%s
refcnt: fd %d%s
refcnt_inc: fd %d%s
(P) Perl's I/O implementation failed an internal consistency check. If you see this
message, something is very wrong.

Reference found where even-sized list expected
(W misc) You gave a single reference where Perl was expecting a list with an even
number of elements (for assignment to a hash). This usually means that you used the
anon hash constructor when you meant to use parens. In any case, a hash requires
key/value pairs.

%hash = { one => 1, two => 2, }; # WRONG
%hash = [ qw/ an anon array / ]; # WRONG
%hash = ( one => 1, two => 2, ); # right
%hash = qw( one 1 two 2 ); # also fine

Reference is already weak
(W misc) You have attempted to weaken a reference that is already weak. Doing so has
no effect.

Reference to invalid group 0 in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used "\g0" or similar in a regular expression. You may refer to capturing
parentheses only with strictly positive integers (normal backreferences) or with
strictly negative integers (relative backreferences). Using 0 does not make sense.

Reference to nonexistent group in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used something like "\7" in your regular expression, but there are not at
least seven sets of capturing parentheses in the expression. If you wanted to have
the character with ordinal 7 inserted into the regular expression, prepend zeroes to
make it three digits long: "\007"

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Reference to nonexistent named group in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used something like "\k'NAME'" or "\k<NAME>" in your regular expression, but
there is no corresponding named capturing parentheses such as "(?'NAME'...)" or
"(?<NAME>...)". Check if the name has been spelled correctly both in the
backreference and the declaration.

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used something like "\g{-7}" in your regular expression, but there are not at
least seven sets of closed capturing parentheses in the expression before where the
"\g{-7}" was located.

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

regexp memory corruption
(P) The regular expression engine got confused by what the regular expression compiler
gave it.

Regexp modifier "/%c" may appear a maximum of twice
Regexp modifier "%c" may appear a maximum of twice in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The regular expression pattern had too many occurrences of the specified modifier.
Remove the extraneous ones.

Regexp modifier "%c" may not appear after the "-" in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Turning off the given modifier has the side effect of turning on another one.
Perl currently doesn't allow this. Reword the regular expression to use the modifier
you want to turn on (and place it before the minus), instead of the one you want to
turn off.

Regexp modifier "/%c" may not appear twice
Regexp modifier "%c" may not appear twice in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The regular expression pattern had too many occurrences of the specified modifier.
Remove the extraneous ones.

Regexp modifiers "/%c" and "/%c" are mutually exclusive
Regexp modifiers "%c" and "%c" are mutually exclusive in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(F) The regular expression pattern had more than one of these mutually exclusive
modifiers. Retain only the modifier that is supposed to be there.

Regexp out of space in regex m/%s/
(P) A "can't happen" error, because safemalloc() should have caught it earlier.

Repeated format line will never terminate (~~ and @#)
(F) Your format contains the ~~ repeat-until-blank sequence and a numeric field that
will never go blank so that the repetition never terminates. You might use ^#
instead. See perlform.

Replacement list is longer than search list
(W misc) You have used a replacement list that is longer than the search list. So the
additional elements in the replacement list are meaningless.

'%s' resolved to '\o{%s}%d'
(W misc, regexp) You wrote something like "\08", or "\179" in a double-quotish
string. All but the last digit is treated as a single character, specified in octal.
The last digit is the next character in the string. To tell Perl that this is indeed
what you want, you can use the "\o{ }" syntax, or use exactly three digits to specify
the octal for the character.

Reversed %s= operator
(W syntax) You wrote your assignment operator backwards. The = must always come last,
to avoid ambiguity with subsequent unary operators.

rewinddir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
(W io) The dirhandle you tried to do a rewinddir() on is either closed or not really a
dirhandle. Check your control flow.

Scalars leaked: %d
(S internal) Something went wrong in Perl's internal bookkeeping of scalars: not all
scalar variables were deallocated by the time Perl exited. What this usually
indicates is a memory leak, which is of course bad, especially if the Perl program is
intended to be long-running.

Scalar value @%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s]
(W syntax) You've used an array slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of
an array. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The
difference is that $foo[&bar] always behaves like a scalar, both when assigning to it
and when evaluating its argument, while @foo[&bar] behaves like a list when you assign
to it, and provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if
you're expecting only one subscript.

On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to treat the array element as a list,
you need to look into how references work, because Perl will not magically convert
between scalars and lists for you. See perlref.

Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}
(W syntax) You've used a hash slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of a
hash. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The
difference is that $foo{&bar} always behaves like a scalar, both when assigning to it
and when evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar} behaves like a list when you assign
to it, and provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if
you're expecting only one subscript.

On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to treat the hash element as a list,
you need to look into how references work, because Perl will not magically convert
between scalars and lists for you. See perlref.

Search pattern not terminated
(F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a // or m{} construct. Remember
that bracketing delimiters count nesting level. Missing the leading "$" from a
variable $m may cause this error.

Note that since Perl 5.10.0 a // can also be the defined-or construct, not just the
empty search pattern. Therefore code written in Perl 5.10.0 or later that uses the //
as the defined-or can be misparsed by pre-5.10.0 Perls as a non-terminated search
pattern.

seekdir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
(W io) The dirhandle you are doing a seekdir() on is either closed or not really a
dirhandle. Check your control flow.

%sseek() on unopened filehandle
(W unopened) You tried to use the seek() or sysseek() function on a filehandle that
was either never opened or has since been closed.

select not implemented
(F) This machine doesn't implement the select() system call.

Self-ties of arrays and hashes are not supported
(F) Self-ties are of arrays and hashes are not supported in the current
implementation.

Semicolon seems to be missing
(W semicolon) A nearby syntax error was probably caused by a missing semicolon, or
possibly some other missing operator, such as a comma.

semi-panic: attempt to dup freed string
(S internal) The internal newSVsv() routine was called to duplicate a scalar that had
previously been marked as free.

sem%s not implemented
(F) You don't have System V semaphore IPC on your system.

send() on closed socket %s
(W closed) The socket you're sending to got itself closed sometime before now. Check
your control flow.

Sequence "\c{" invalid
(F) These three characters may not appear in sequence in a double-quotish context.
This message is raised only on non-ASCII platforms (a different error message is
output on ASCII ones). If you were intending to specify a control character with this
sequence, you'll have to use a different way to specify it.

Sequence (? incomplete in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A regular expression ended with an incomplete extension (?. The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Sequence (?%c...) not implemented in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A proposed regular expression extension has the character reserved but has not yet
been written. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem
was discovered. See perlre.

Sequence (?%s...) not recognized in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a regular expression extension that doesn't make sense. The <-- HERE
shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. This may
happen when using the "(?^...)" construct to tell Perl to use the default regular
expression modifiers, and you redundantly specify a default modifier. For other
causes, see perlre.

Sequence (?#... not terminated in regex m/%s/
(F) A regular expression comment must be terminated by a closing parenthesis.
Embedded parentheses aren't allowed. See perlre.

Sequence (?&... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A named reference of the form "(?&...)" was missing the final closing parenthesis
after the name. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem
was discovered.

Sequence (?%c... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A named group of the form "(?'...')" or "(?<...>)" was missing the final closing
quote or angle bracket. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the
problem was discovered.

Sequence (?(%c... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A named reference of the form "(?('...')...)" or "(?(<...>)...)" was missing the
final closing quote or angle bracket after the name. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts
in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Sequence (?... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) There was no matching closing parenthesis for the '('. The <-- HERE shows
whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.

Sequence \%s... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The regular expression expects a mandatory argument following the escape sequence
and this has been omitted or incorrectly written.

Sequence (?{...}) not terminated with ')'
(F) The end of the perl code contained within the {...} must be followed immediately
by a ')'.

Sequence ?P=... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A named reference of the form "(?P=...)" was missing the final closing parenthesis
after the name. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem
was discovered.

Sequence (?R) not terminated in regex m/%s/
(F) An "(?R)" or "(?0)" sequence in a regular expression was missing the final
parenthesis.

Server error (a.k.a. "500 Server error")
(A) This is the error message generally seen in a browser window when trying to run a
CGI program (including SSI) over the web. The actual error text varies widely from
server to server. The most frequently-seen variants are "500 Server error", "Method
(something) not permitted", "Document contains no data", "Premature end of script
headers", and "Did not produce a valid header".

This is a CGI error, not a Perl error.

You need to make sure your script is executable, is accessible by the user CGI is
running the script under (which is probably not the user account you tested it under),
does not rely on any environment variables (like PATH) from the user it isn't running
under, and isn't in a location where the CGI server can't find it, basically, more or
less. Please see the following for more information:

http://www.perl.org/CGI_MetaFAQ.html
http://www.htmlhelp.org/faq/cgifaq.html
http://www.w3.org/Security/Faq/

You should also look at perlfaq9.

setegid() not implemented
(F) You tried to assign to $), and your operating system doesn't support the setegid()
system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

seteuid() not implemented
(F) You tried to assign to $>, and your operating system doesn't support the seteuid()
system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

setpgrp can't take arguments
(F) Your system has the setpgrp() from BSD 4.2, which takes no arguments, unlike POSIX
setpgid(), which takes a process ID and process group ID.

setrgid() not implemented
(F) You tried to assign to $(, and your operating system doesn't support the setrgid()
system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

setruid() not implemented
(F) You tried to assign to $<, and your operating system doesn't support the setruid()
system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't think so.

setsockopt() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to set a socket option on a closed socket. Did you forget to
check the return value of your socket() call? See "setsockopt" in perlfunc.

Setting ${^ENCODING} is deprecated
(D deprecated) You assigned a non-"undef" value to "${^ENCODING}". This is
deprecated; see ""${^ENCODING}" in perlvar" for details.

Setting $/ to a reference to %s as a form of slurp is deprecated, treating as undef
(D deprecated) You assigned a reference to a scalar to $/ where the referenced item is
not a positive integer. In older perls this appeared to work the same as setting it
to "undef" but was in fact internally different, less efficient and with very bad luck
could have resulted in your file being split by a stringified form of the reference.

In Perl 5.20.0 this was changed so that it would be exactly the same as setting $/ to
undef, with the exception that this warning would be thrown.

You are recommended to change your code to set $/ to "undef" explicitly if you wish to
slurp the file. In future versions of Perl assigning a reference to will throw a fatal
error.

Setting $/ to %s reference is forbidden
(F) You tried to assign a reference to a non integer to $/. In older Perls this would
have behaved similarly to setting it to a reference to a positive integer, where the
integer was the address of the reference. As of Perl 5.20.0 this is a fatal error, to
allow future versions of Perl to use non-integer refs for more interesting purposes.

shift on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "shift" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

shm%s not implemented
(F) You don't have System V shared memory IPC on your system.

!=~ should be !~
(W syntax) The non-matching operator is !~, not !=~. !=~ will be interpreted as the
!= (numeric not equal) and ~ (1's complement) operators: probably not what you
intended.

/%s/ should probably be written as "%s"
(W syntax) You have used a pattern where Perl expected to find a string, as in the
first argument to "join". Perl will treat the true or false result of matching the
pattern against $_ as the string, which is probably not what you had in mind.

shutdown() on closed socket %s
(W closed) You tried to do a shutdown on a closed socket. Seems a bit superfluous.

SIG%s handler "%s" not defined
(W signal) The signal handler named in %SIG doesn't, in fact, exist. Perhaps you put
it into the wrong package?

Slab leaked from cv %p
(S) If you see this message, then something is seriously wrong with the internal
bookkeeping of op trees. An op tree needed to be freed after a compilation error, but
could not be found, so it was leaked instead.

sleep(%u) too large
(W overflow) You called "sleep" with a number that was larger than it can reliably
handle and "sleep" probably slept for less time than requested.

Slurpy parameter not last
(F) In a subroutine signature, you put something after a slurpy (array or hash)
parameter. The slurpy parameter takes all the available arguments, so there can't be
any left to fill later parameters.

Smart matching a non-overloaded object breaks encapsulation
(F) You should not use the "~~" operator on an object that does not overload it: Perl
refuses to use the object's underlying structure for the smart match.

Smartmatch is experimental
(S experimental::smartmatch) This warning is emitted if you use the smartmatch ("~~")
operator. This is currently an experimental feature, and its details are subject to
change in future releases of Perl. Particularly, its current behavior is noticed for
being unnecessarily complex and unintuitive, and is very likely to be overhauled.

sort is now a reserved word
(F) An ancient error message that almost nobody ever runs into anymore. But before
sort was a keyword, people sometimes used it as a filehandle.

Sort subroutine didn't return single value
(F) A sort comparison subroutine written in XS must return exactly one item. See
"sort" in perlfunc.

Source filters apply only to byte streams
(F) You tried to activate a source filter (usually by loading a source filter module)
within a string passed to "eval". This is not permitted under the "unicode_eval"
feature. Consider using "evalbytes" instead. See feature.

splice() offset past end of array
(W misc) You attempted to specify an offset that was past the end of the array passed
to splice(). Splicing will instead commence at the end of the array, rather than past
it. If this isn't what you want, try explicitly pre-extending the array by assigning
$#array = $offset. See "splice" in perlfunc.

splice on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "splice" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

Split loop
(P) The split was looping infinitely. (Obviously, a split shouldn't iterate more
times than there are characters of input, which is what happened.) See "split" in
perlfunc.

Statement unlikely to be reached
(W exec) You did an exec() with some statement after it other than a die(). This is
almost always an error, because exec() never returns unless there was a failure. You
probably wanted to use system() instead, which does return. To suppress this warning,
put the exec() in a block by itself.

"state" subroutine %s can't be in a package
(F) Lexically scoped subroutines aren't in a package, so it doesn't make sense to try
to declare one with a package qualifier on the front.

"state %s" used in sort comparison
(W syntax) The package variables $a and $b are used for sort comparisons. You used $a
or $b in as an operand to the "<=>" or "cmp" operator inside a sort comparison block,
and the variable had earlier been declared as a lexical variable. Either qualify the
sort variable with the package name, or rename the lexical variable.

"state" variable %s can't be in a package
(F) Lexically scoped variables aren't in a package, so it doesn't make sense to try to
declare one with a package qualifier on the front. Use local() if you want to
localize a package variable.

stat() on unopened filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried to use the stat() function on a filehandle that was either
never opened or has since been closed.

Strings with code points over 0xFF may not be mapped into in-memory file handles
(W utf8) You tried to open a reference to a scalar for read or append where the scalar
contained code points over 0xFF. In-memory files model on-disk files and can only
contain bytes.

Stub found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package "%s"
(P) Overloading resolution over @ISA tree may be broken by importation stubs. Stubs
should never be implicitly created, but explicit calls to "can" may break this.

Subroutine "&%s" is not available
(W closure) During compilation, an inner named subroutine or eval is attempting to
capture an outer lexical subroutine that is not currently available. This can happen
for one of two reasons. First, the lexical subroutine may be declared in an outer
anonymous subroutine that has not yet been created. (Remember that named subs are
created at compile time, while anonymous subs are created at run-time.) For example,

sub { my sub a {...} sub f { \&a } }

At the time that f is created, it can't capture the current "a" sub, since the
anonymous subroutine hasn't been created yet. Conversely, the following won't give a
warning since the anonymous subroutine has by now been created and is live:

sub { my sub a {...} eval 'sub f { \&a }' }->();

The second situation is caused by an eval accessing a lexical subroutine that has gone
out of scope, for example,

sub f {
my sub a {...}
sub { eval '\&a' }
}
f()->();

Here, when the '\&a' in the eval is being compiled, f() is not currently being
executed, so its &a is not available for capture.

"%s" subroutine &%s masks earlier declaration in same %s
(W misc) A "my" or "state" subroutine has been redeclared in the current scope or
statement, effectively eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is
almost always a typographical error. Note that the earlier subroutine will still
exist until the end of the scope or until all closure references to it are destroyed.

Subroutine %s redefined
(W redefine) You redefined a subroutine. To suppress this warning, say

{
no warnings 'redefine';
eval "sub name { ... }";
}

Subroutine "%s" will not stay shared
(W closure) An inner (nested) named subroutine is referencing a "my" subroutine
defined in an outer named subroutine.

When the inner subroutine is called, it will see the value of the outer subroutine's
lexical subroutine as it was before and during the *first* call to the outer
subroutine; in this case, after the first call to the outer subroutine is complete,
the inner and outer subroutines will no longer share a common value for the lexical
subroutine. In other words, it will no longer be shared. This will especially make a
difference if the lexical subroutines accesses lexical variables declared in its
surrounding scope.

This problem can usually be solved by making the inner subroutine anonymous, using the
"sub {}" syntax. When inner anonymous subs that reference lexical subroutines in
outer subroutines are created, they are automatically rebound to the current values of
such lexical subs.

Substitution loop
(P) The substitution was looping infinitely. (Obviously, a substitution shouldn't
iterate more times than there are characters of input, which is what happened.) See
the discussion of substitution in "Regexp Quote-Like Operators" in perlop.

Substitution pattern not terminated
(F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of an s/// or s{}{} construct.
Remember that bracketing delimiters count nesting level. Missing the leading "$" from
variable $s may cause this error.

Substitution replacement not terminated
(F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of an s/// or s{}{} construct.
Remember that bracketing delimiters count nesting level. Missing the leading "$" from
variable $s may cause this error.

substr outside of string
(W substr)(F) You tried to reference a substr() that pointed outside of a string.
That is, the absolute value of the offset was larger than the length of the string.
See "substr" in perlfunc. This warning is fatal if substr is used in an lvalue
context (as the left hand side of an assignment or as a subroutine argument for
example).

sv_upgrade from type %d down to type %d
(P) Perl tried to force the upgrade of an SV to a type which was actually inferior to
its current type.

SWASHNEW didn't return an HV ref
(P) Something went wrong internally when Perl was trying to look up Unicode
characters.

Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) A (?(condition)if-clause|else-clause) construct can have at most two branches (the
if-clause and the else-clause). If you want one or both to contain alternation, such
as using "this|that|other", enclose it in clustering parentheses:

(?(condition)(?:this|that|other)|else-clause)

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.
See perlre.

Switch condition not recognized in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The condition part of a (?(condition)if-clause|else-clause) construct is not
known. The condition must be one of the following:

(1) (2) ... true if 1st, 2nd, etc., capture matched
(<NAME>) ('NAME') true if named capture matched
(?=...) (?<=...) true if subpattern matches
(?!...) (?<!...) true if subpattern fails to match
(?{ CODE }) true if code returns a true value
(R) true if evaluating inside recursion
(R1) (R2) ... true if directly inside capture group 1, 2, etc.
(R&NAME) true if directly inside named capture
(DEFINE) always false; for defining named subpatterns

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.
See perlre.

Switch (?(condition)... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You omitted to close a (?(condition)...) block somewhere in the pattern. Add a
closing parenthesis in the appropriate position. See perlre.

switching effective %s is not implemented
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, we cannot switch the real and effective
uids or gids.

syntax error
(F) Probably means you had a syntax error. Common reasons include:

A keyword is misspelled.
A semicolon is missing.
A comma is missing.
An opening or closing parenthesis is missing.
An opening or closing brace is missing.
A closing quote is missing.

Often there will be another error message associated with the syntax error giving more
information. (Sometimes it helps to turn on -w.) The error message itself often
tells you where it was in the line when it decided to give up. Sometimes the actual
error is several tokens before this, because Perl is good at understanding random
input. Occasionally the line number may be misleading, and once in a blue moon the
only way to figure out what's triggering the error is to call "perl -c" repeatedly,
chopping away half the program each time to see if the error went away. Sort of the
cybernetic version of 20 questions.

syntax error at line %d: '%s' unexpected
(A) You've accidentally run your script through the Bourne shell instead of Perl.
Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

syntax error in file %s at line %d, next 2 tokens "%s"
(F) This error is likely to occur if you run a perl5 script through a perl4
interpreter, especially if the next 2 tokens are "use strict" or "my $var" or "our
$var".

Syntax error in (?[...]) in regex m/%s/
(F) Perl could not figure out what you meant inside this construct; this notifies you
that it is giving up trying.

%s syntax OK
(F) The final summary message when a "perl -c" succeeds.

sysread() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) You tried to read from a closed filehandle.

sysread() on unopened filehandle %s
(W unopened) You tried to read from a filehandle that was never opened.

System V %s is not implemented on this machine
(F) You tried to do something with a function beginning with "sem", "shm", or "msg"
but that System V IPC is not implemented in your machine. In some machines the
functionality can exist but be unconfigured. Consult your system support.

syswrite() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
Check your control flow.

"-T" and "-B" not implemented on filehandles
(F) Perl can't peek at the stdio buffer of filehandles when it doesn't know about your
kind of stdio. You'll have to use a filename instead.

Target of goto is too deeply nested
(F) You tried to use "goto" to reach a label that was too deeply nested for Perl to
reach. Perl is doing you a favor by refusing.

telldir() attempted on invalid dirhandle %s
(W io) The dirhandle you tried to telldir() is either closed or not really a
dirhandle. Check your control flow.

tell() on unopened filehandle
(W unopened) You tried to use the tell() function on a filehandle that was either
never opened or has since been closed.

That use of $[ is unsupported
(F) Assignment to $[ is now strictly circumscribed, and interpreted as a compiler
directive. You may say only one of

$[ = 0;
$[ = 1;
...
local $[ = 0;
local $[ = 1;
...

This is to prevent the problem of one module changing the array base out from under
another module inadvertently. See "$[" in perlvar and arybase.

The bitwise feature is experimental
(S experimental::bitwise) This warning is emitted if you use bitwise operators ("& | ^
~ &. |. ^. ~.") with the "bitwise" feature enabled. Simply suppress the warning if
you want to use the feature, but know that in doing so you are taking the risk of
using an experimental feature which may change or be removed in a future Perl version:

no warnings "experimental::bitwise";
use feature "bitwise";
$x |.= $y;

The crypt() function is unimplemented due to excessive paranoia.
(F) Configure couldn't find the crypt() function on your machine, probably because
your vendor didn't supply it, probably because they think the U.S. Government thinks
it's a secret, or at least that they will continue to pretend that it is. And if you
quote me on that, I will deny it.

The %s function is unimplemented
(F) The function indicated isn't implemented on this architecture, according to the
probings of Configure.

The lexical_subs feature is experimental
(S experimental::lexical_subs) This warning is emitted if you declare a sub with "my"
or "state". Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the feature, but know that
in doing so you are taking the risk of using an experimental feature which may change
or be removed in a future Perl version:

no warnings "experimental::lexical_subs";
use feature "lexical_subs";
my sub foo { ... }

The regex_sets feature is experimental
(S experimental::regex_sets) This warning is emitted if you use the syntax "(?[ ])"
in a regular expression. The details of this feature are subject to change. if you
want to use it, but know that in doing so you are taking the risk of using an
experimental feature which may change in a future Perl version, you can do this to
silence the warning:

no warnings "experimental::regex_sets";

The signatures feature is experimental
(S experimental::signatures) This warning is emitted if you unwrap a subroutine's
arguments using a signature. Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the
feature, but know that in doing so you are taking the risk of using an experimental
feature which may change or be removed in a future Perl version:

no warnings "experimental::signatures";
use feature "signatures";
sub foo ($left, $right) { ... }

The stat preceding %s wasn't an lstat
(F) It makes no sense to test the current stat buffer for symbolic linkhood if the
last stat that wrote to the stat buffer already went past the symlink to get to the
real file. Use an actual filename instead.

The 'unique' attribute may only be applied to 'our' variables
(F) This attribute was never supported on "my" or "sub" declarations.

This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s)
This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s)
(W internal) Warnings peculiar to VMS. You tried to change or delete an element of
the CRTL's internal environ array, but your copy of Perl wasn't built with a CRTL that
contained the setenv() function. You'll need to rebuild Perl with a CRTL that does,
or redefine PERL_ENV_TABLES (see perlvms) so that the environ array isn't the target
of the change to %ENV which produced the warning.

This Perl has not been built with support for randomized hash key traversal but something
called Perl_hv_rand_set().
(F) Something has attempted to use an internal API call which depends on Perl being
compiled with the default support for randomized hash key traversal, but this Perl has
been compiled without it. You should report this warning to the relevant upstream
party, or recompile perl with default options.

times not implemented
(F) Your version of the C library apparently doesn't do times(). I suspect you're not
running on Unix.

"-T" is on the #! line, it must also be used on the command line
(X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the -T option (or the
-t option), but Perl was not invoked with -T in its command line. This is an error
because, by the time Perl discovers a -T in a script, it's too late to properly taint
everything from the environment. So Perl gives up.

If the Perl script is being executed as a command using the #! mechanism (or its
local equivalent), this error can usually be fixed by editing the #! line so that the
-%c option is a part of Perl's first argument: e.g. change "perl -n -%c" to "perl -%c
-n".

If the Perl script is being executed as "perl scriptname", then the -%c option must
appear on the command line: "perl -%c scriptname".

To%s: illegal mapping '%s'
(F) You tried to define a customized To-mapping for lc(), lcfirst, uc(), or ucfirst()
(or their string-inlined versions), but you specified an illegal mapping. See "User-
Defined Character Properties" in perlunicode.

Too deeply nested ()-groups
(F) Your template contains ()-groups with a ridiculously deep nesting level.

Too few args to syscall
(F) There has to be at least one argument to syscall() to specify the system call to
call, silly dilly.

Too few arguments for subroutine
(F) A subroutine using a signature received fewer arguments than required by the
signature. The caller of the subroutine is presumably at fault. Inconveniently, this
error will be reported at the location of the subroutine, not that of the caller.

Too late for "-%s" option
(X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the -M, -m or -C
option.

In the case of -M and -m, this is an error because those options are not intended for
use inside scripts. Use the "use" pragma instead.

The -C option only works if it is specified on the command line as well (with the same
sequence of letters or numbers following). Either specify this option on the command
line, or, if your system supports it, make your script executable and run it directly
instead of passing it to perl.

Too late to run %s block
(W void) A CHECK or INIT block is being defined during run time proper, when the
opportunity to run them has already passed. Perhaps you are loading a file with
"require" or "do" when you should be using "use" instead. Or perhaps you should put
the "require" or "do" inside a BEGIN block.

Too many args to syscall
(F) Perl supports a maximum of only 14 args to syscall().

Too many arguments for %s
(F) The function requires fewer arguments than you specified.

Too many arguments for subroutine
(F) A subroutine using a signature received more arguments than required by the
signature. The caller of the subroutine is presumably at fault. Inconveniently, this
error will be reported at the location of the subroutine, not that of the caller.

Too many )'s
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

Too many ('s
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

Trailing \ in regex m/%s/
(F) The regular expression ends with an unbackslashed backslash. Backslash it. See
perlre.

Transliteration pattern not terminated
(F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of a tr/// or tr[][] or y/// or
y[][] construct. Missing the leading "$" from variables $tr or $y may cause this
error.

Transliteration replacement not terminated
(F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a tr///, tr[][], y/// or y[][]
construct.

'%s' trapped by operation mask
(F) You tried to use an operator from a Safe compartment in which it's disallowed.
See Safe.

truncate not implemented
(F) Your machine doesn't implement a file truncation mechanism that Configure knows
about.

Type of arg %d to &CORE::%s must be %s
(F) The subroutine in question in the CORE package requires its argument to be a hard
reference to data of the specified type. Overloading is ignored, so a reference to an
object that is not the specified type, but nonetheless has overloading to handle it,
will still not be accepted.

Type of arg %d to %s must be %s (not %s)
(F) This function requires the argument in that position to be of a certain type.
Arrays must be @NAME or "@{EXPR}". Hashes must be %NAME or "%{EXPR}". No implicit
dereferencing is allowed--use the {EXPR} forms as an explicit dereference. See
perlref.

Type of argument to %s must be unblessed hashref or arrayref
(F) You called "keys", "values" or "each" with a scalar argument that was not a
reference to an unblessed hash or array.

umask not implemented
(F) Your machine doesn't implement the umask function and you tried to use it to
restrict permissions for yourself (EXPR & 0700).

Unbalanced context: %d more PUSHes than POPs
(S internal) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many execution
contexts were entered and left.

Unbalanced saves: %d more saves than restores
(S internal) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many values were
temporarily localized.

Unbalanced scopes: %d more ENTERs than LEAVEs
(S internal) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many blocks were
entered and left.

Unbalanced string table refcount: (%d) for "%s"
(S internal) On exit, Perl found some strings remaining in the shared string table
used for copy on write and for hash keys. The entries should have been freed, so this
indicates a bug somewhere.

Unbalanced tmps: %d more allocs than frees
(S internal) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many mortal
scalars were allocated and freed.

Undefined format "%s" called
(F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps it's really in another
package? See perlform.

Undefined sort subroutine "%s" called
(F) The sort comparison routine specified doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps it's in a
different package? See "sort" in perlfunc.

Undefined subroutine &%s called
(F) The subroutine indicated hasn't been defined, or if it was, it has since been
undefined.

Undefined subroutine called
(F) The anonymous subroutine you're trying to call hasn't been defined, or if it was,
it has since been undefined.

Undefined subroutine in sort
(F) The sort comparison routine specified is declared but doesn't seem to have been
defined yet. See "sort" in perlfunc.

Undefined top format "%s" called
(F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps it's really in another
package? See perlform.

Undefined value assigned to typeglob
(W misc) An undefined value was assigned to a typeglob, a la "*foo = undef". This
does nothing. It's possible that you really mean "undef *foo".

%s: Undefined variable
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

Unescaped left brace in regex is deprecated, passed through in regex; marked by <-- HERE
in m/%s/
(D deprecated, regexp) You used a literal "{" character in a regular expression
pattern. You should change to use "\{" instead, because a future version of Perl
(tentatively v5.26) will consider this to be a syntax error. If the pattern
delimiters are also braces, any matching right brace ("}") should also be escaped to
avoid confusing the parser, for example,

qr{abc\{def\}ghi}

unexec of %s into %s failed!
(F) The unexec() routine failed for some reason. See your local FSF representative,
who probably put it there in the first place.

Unexpected binary operator '%c' with no preceding operand in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ | \p{Digit} ])

where the "|" is a binary operator with an operand on the right, but no operand on the
left.

Unexpected character in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ z ])

Within "(?[ ])", no literal characters are allowed unless they are within an inner
pair of square brackets, like

(?[ [ z ] ])

Another possibility is that you forgot a backslash. Perl isn't smart enough to figure
out what you really meant.

Unexpected constant lvalue entersub entry via type/targ %d:%d
(P) When compiling a subroutine call in lvalue context, Perl failed an internal
consistency check. It encountered a malformed op tree.

Unexpected exit %u
(S) exit() was called or the script otherwise finished gracefully when
"PERL_EXIT_WARN" was set in "PL_exit_flags".

Unexpected exit failure %d
(S) An uncaught die() was called when "PERL_EXIT_WARN" was set in "PL_exit_flags".

Unexpected ')' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ ( \p{Digit} + ) ])

The ")" is out-of-place. Something apparently was supposed to be combined with the
digits, or the "+" shouldn't be there, or something like that. Perl can't figure out
what was intended.

Unexpected '(' with no preceding operator in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ \p{Digit} ( \p{Lao} + \p{Thai} ) ])

There should be an operator before the "(", as there's no indication as to how the
digits are to be combined with the characters in the Lao and Thai scripts.

Unicode non-character U+%X is illegal for open interchange
(S nonchar) Certain codepoints, such as U+FFFE and U+FFFF, are defined by the Unicode
standard to be non-characters. Those are legal codepoints, but are reserved for
internal use; so, applications shouldn't attempt to exchange them. An application may
not be expecting any of these characters at all, and receiving them may lead to bugs.
If you know what you are doing you can turn off this warning by "no warnings
'nonchar';".

This is not really a "severe" error, but it is supposed to be raised by default even
if warnings are not enabled, and currently the only way to do that in Perl is to mark
it as serious.

Unicode surrogate U+%X is illegal in UTF-8
(S surrogate) You had a UTF-16 surrogate in a context where they are not considered
acceptable. These code points, between U+D800 and U+DFFF (inclusive), are used by
Unicode only for UTF-16. However, Perl internally allows all unsigned integer code
points (up to the size limit available on your platform), including surrogates. But
these can cause problems when being input or output, which is likely where this
message came from. If you really really know what you are doing you can turn off this
warning by "no warnings 'surrogate';".

Unknown charname '%s'
(F) The name you used inside "\N{}" is unknown to Perl. Check the spelling. You can
say "use charnames ":loose"" to not have to be so precise about spaces, hyphens, and
capitalization on standard Unicode names. (Any custom aliases that have been created
must be specified exactly, regardless of whether ":loose" is used or not.) This error
may also happen if the "\N{}" is not in the scope of the corresponding
"use charnames".

Unknown error
(P) Perl was about to print an error message in $@, but the $@ variable did not exist,
even after an attempt to create it.

Unknown open() mode '%s'
(F) The second argument of 3-argument open() is not among the list of valid modes:
"<", ">", ">>", "+<", "+>", "+>>", "-|", "|-", "<&", ">&".

Unknown PerlIO layer "%s"
(W layer) An attempt was made to push an unknown layer onto the Perl I/O system.
(Layers take care of transforming data between external and internal representations.)
Note that some layers, such as "mmap", are not supported in all environments. If your
program didn't explicitly request the failing operation, it may be the result of the
value of the environment variable PERLIO.

Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl was reading values for %ENV before iterating over
it, and someone else stuck a message in the stream of data Perl expected. Someone's
very confused, or perhaps trying to subvert Perl's population of %ENV for nefarious
purposes.

Unknown regex modifier "%s"
(F) Alphanumerics immediately following the closing delimiter of a regular expression
pattern are interpreted by Perl as modifier flags for the regex. One of the ones you
specified is invalid. One way this can happen is if you didn't put in white space
between the end of the regex and a following alphanumeric operator:

if ($a =~ /foo/and $bar == 3) { ... }

The "a" is a valid modifier flag, but the "n" is not, and raises this error. Likely
what was meant instead was:

if ($a =~ /foo/ and $bar == 3) { ... }

Unknown "re" subpragma '%s' (known ones are: %s)
(W) You tried to use an unknown subpragma of the "re" pragma.

Unknown switch condition (?(...)) in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The condition part of a (?(condition)if-clause|else-clause) construct is not
known. The condition must be one of the following:

(1) (2) ... true if 1st, 2nd, etc., capture matched
(<NAME>) ('NAME') true if named capture matched
(?=...) (?<=...) true if subpattern matches
(?!...) (?<!...) true if subpattern fails to match
(?{ CODE }) true if code returns a true value
(R) true if evaluating inside recursion
(R1) (R2) ... true if directly inside capture group 1, 2, etc.
(R&NAME) true if directly inside named capture
(DEFINE) always false; for defining named subpatterns

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.
See perlre.

Unknown Unicode option letter '%c'
(F) You specified an unknown Unicode option. See perlrun documentation of the "-C"
switch for the list of known options.

Unknown Unicode option value %d
(F) You specified an unknown Unicode option. See perlrun documentation of the "-C"
switch for the list of known options.

Unknown verb pattern '%s' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You either made a typo or have incorrectly put a "*" quantifier after an open
brace in your pattern. Check the pattern and review perlre for details on legal verb
patterns.

Unknown warnings category '%s'
(F) An error issued by the "warnings" pragma. You specified a warnings category that
is unknown to perl at this point.

Note that if you want to enable a warnings category registered by a module (e.g. "use
warnings 'File::Find'"), you must have loaded this module first.

Unmatched '[' in POSIX class in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ [:digit: ])

That should be written:

(?[ [:digit:] ])

Unmatched '%c' in POSIX class in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You had something like this:

(?[ [:alnum] ])

There should be a second ":", like this:

(?[ [:alnum:] ])

Unmatched [ in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) The brackets around a character class must match. If you wish to include a
closing bracket in a character class, backslash it or put it first. The <-- HERE
shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See perlre.

Unmatched ( in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
Unmatched ) in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Unbackslashed parentheses must always be balanced in regular expressions. If
you're a vi user, the % key is valuable for finding the matching parenthesis. The
<-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered. See
perlre.

Unmatched right %s bracket
(F) The lexer counted more closing curly or square brackets than opening ones, so
you're probably missing a matching opening bracket. As a general rule, you'll find
the missing one (so to speak) near the place you were last editing.

Unquoted string "%s" may clash with future reserved word
(W reserved) You used a bareword that might someday be claimed as a reserved word.
It's best to put such a word in quotes, or capitalize it somehow, or insert an
underbar into it. You might also declare it as a subroutine.

Unrecognized character %s; marked by <-- HERE after %s near column %d
(F) The Perl parser has no idea what to do with the specified character in your Perl
script (or eval) near the specified column. Perhaps you tried to run a compressed
script, a binary program, or a directory as a Perl program.

Unrecognized escape \%c in character class in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized by Perl inside
character classes. This is a fatal error when the character class is used within "(?[
])".

Unrecognized escape \%c in character class passed through in regex; marked by <-- HERE in
m/%s/
(W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized by Perl
inside character classes. The character was understood literally, but this may change
in a future version of Perl. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression
the escape was discovered.

Unrecognized escape \%c passed through
(W misc) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized by Perl.
The character was understood literally, but this may change in a future version of
Perl.

Unrecognized escape \%s passed through in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized by Perl.
The character(s) were understood literally, but this may change in a future version of
Perl. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the escape was
discovered.

Unrecognized signal name "%s"
(F) You specified a signal name to the kill() function that was not recognized. Say
"kill -l" in your shell to see the valid signal names on your system.

Unrecognized switch: -%s (-h will show valid options)
(F) You specified an illegal option to Perl. Don't do that. (If you think you didn't
do that, check the #! line to see if it's supplying the bad switch on your behalf.)

unshift on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "unshift" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline
(W newline) A file operation was attempted on a filename, and that operation failed,
PROBABLY because the filename contained a newline, PROBABLY because you forgot to
chomp() it off. See "chomp" in perlfunc.

Unsupported directory function "%s" called
(F) Your machine doesn't support opendir() and readdir().

Unsupported function %s
(F) This machine doesn't implement the indicated function, apparently. At least,
Configure doesn't think so.

Unsupported function fork
(F) Your version of executable does not support forking.

Note that under some systems, like OS/2, there may be different flavors of Perl
executables, some of which may support fork, some not. Try changing the name you call
Perl by to "perl_", "perl__", and so on.

Unsupported script encoding %s
(F) Your program file begins with a Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) which declares it to
be in a Unicode encoding that Perl cannot read.

Unsupported socket function "%s" called
(F) Your machine doesn't support the Berkeley socket mechanism, or at least that's
what Configure thought.

Unterminated attribute list
(F) The lexer found something other than a simple identifier at the start of an
attribute, and it wasn't a semicolon or the start of a block. Perhaps you terminated
the parameter list of the previous attribute too soon. See attributes.

Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list
(F) The lexer saw an opening (left) parenthesis character while parsing an attribute
list, but the matching closing (right) parenthesis character was not found. You may
need to add (or remove) a backslash character to get your parentheses to balance. See
attributes.

Unterminated compressed integer
(F) An argument to unpack("w",...) was incompatible with the BER compressed integer
format and could not be converted to an integer. See "pack" in perlfunc.

Unterminated delimiter for here document
(F) This message occurs when a here document label has an initial quotation mark but
the final quotation mark is missing. Perhaps you wrote:

<<"foo

instead of:

<<"foo"

Unterminated \g... pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
Unterminated \g{...} pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) In a regular expression, you had a "\g" that wasn't followed by a proper group
reference. In the case of "\g{", the closing brace is missing; otherwise the "\g"
must be followed by an integer. Fix the pattern and retry.

Unterminated <> operator
(F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place where it was expecting a term, so
it's looking for the corresponding right angle bracket, and not finding it. Chances
are you left some needed parentheses out earlier in the line, and you really meant a
"less than".

Unterminated verb pattern argument in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a pattern of the form "(*VERB:ARG)" but did not terminate the pattern
with a ")". Fix the pattern and retry.

Unterminated verb pattern in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a pattern of the form "(*VERB)" but did not terminate the pattern with a
")". Fix the pattern and retry.

untie attempted while %d inner references still exist
(W untie) A copy of the object returned from "tie" (or "tied") was still valid when
"untie" was called.

Usage: POSIX::%s(%s)
(F) You called a POSIX function with incorrect arguments. See "FUNCTIONS" in POSIX
for more information.

Usage: Win32::%s(%s)
(F) You called a Win32 function with incorrect arguments. See Win32 for more
information.

$[ used in %s (did you mean $] ?)
(W syntax) You used $[ in a comparison, such as:

if ($[ > 5.006) {
...
}

You probably meant to use $] instead. $[ is the base for indexing arrays. $] is the
Perl version number in decimal.

Use "%s" instead of "%s"
(F) The second listed construct is no longer legal. Use the first one instead.

Useless assignment to a temporary
(W misc) You assigned to an lvalue subroutine, but what the subroutine returned was a
temporary scalar about to be discarded, so the assignment had no effect.

Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) You have used an internal modifier such as (?-o) that has no meaning unless
removed from the entire regexp:

if ($string =~ /(?-o)$pattern/o) { ... }

must be written as

if ($string =~ /$pattern/) { ... }

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.
See perlre.

Useless localization of %s
(W syntax) The localization of lvalues such as "local($x=10)" is legal, but in fact
the local() currently has no effect. This may change at some point in the future, but
in the meantime such code is discouraged.

Useless (?%s) - use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) You have used an internal modifier such as (?o) that has no meaning unless
applied to the entire regexp:

if ($string =~ /(?o)$pattern/) { ... }

must be written as

if ($string =~ /$pattern/o) { ... }

The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the problem was discovered.
See perlre.

Useless use of attribute "const"
(W misc) The "const" attribute has no effect except on anonymous closure prototypes.
You applied it to a subroutine via attributes.pm. This is only useful inside an
attribute handler for an anonymous subroutine.

Useless use of /d modifier in transliteration operator
(W misc) You have used the /d modifier where the searchlist has the same length as the
replacelist. See perlop for more information about the /d modifier.

Useless use of \E
(W misc) You have a \E in a double-quotish string without a "\U", "\L" or "\Q"
preceding it.

Useless use of greediness modifier '%c' in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) You specified something like these:

qr/a{3}?/
qr/b{1,1}+/

The "?" and "+" don't have any effect, as they modify whether to match more or fewer
when there is a choice, and by specifying to match exactly a given numer, there is no
room left for a choice.

Useless use of %s in void context
(W void) You did something without a side effect in a context that does nothing with
the return value, such as a statement that doesn't return a value from a block, or the
left side of a scalar comma operator. Very often this points not to stupidity on your
part, but a failure of Perl to parse your program the way you thought it would. For
example, you'd get this if you mixed up your C precedence with Python precedence and
said

$one, $two = 1, 2;

when you meant to say

($one, $two) = (1, 2);

Another common error is to use ordinary parentheses to construct a list reference when
you should be using square or curly brackets, for example, if you say

$array = (1,2);

when you should have said

$array = [1,2];

The square brackets explicitly turn a list value into a scalar value, while
parentheses do not. So when a parenthesized list is evaluated in a scalar context,
the comma is treated like C's comma operator, which throws away the left argument,
which is not what you want. See perlref for more on this.

This warning will not be issued for numerical constants equal to 0 or 1 since they are
often used in statements like

1 while sub_with_side_effects();

String constants that would normally evaluate to 0 or 1 are warned about.

Useless use of (?-p) in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) The "p" modifier cannot be turned off once set. Trying to do so is futile.

Useless use of "re" pragma
(W) You did "use re;" without any arguments. That isn't very useful.

Useless use of sort in scalar context
(W void) You used sort in scalar context, as in :

my $x = sort @y;

This is not very useful, and perl currently optimizes this away.

Useless use of %s with no values
(W syntax) You used the push() or unshift() function with no arguments apart from the
array, like "push(@x)" or "unshift(@foo)". That won't usually have any effect on the
array, so is completely useless. It's possible in principle that push(@tied_array)
could have some effect if the array is tied to a class which implements a PUSH method.
If so, you can write it as "push(@tied_array,())" to avoid this warning.

"use" not allowed in expression
(F) The "use" keyword is recognized and executed at compile time, and returns no
useful value. See perlmod.

Use of assignment to $[ is deprecated
(D deprecated) The $[ variable (index of the first element in an array) is deprecated.
See "$[" in perlvar.

Use of bare << to mean <<"" is deprecated
(D deprecated) You are now encouraged to use the explicitly quoted form if you wish to
use an empty line as the terminator of the here-document.

Use of \b{} for non-UTF-8 locale is wrong. Assuming a UTF-8 locale
(W locale) You are matching a regular expression using locale rules, and a Unicode
boundary is being matched, but the locale is not a Unicode one. This doesn't make
sense. Perl will continue, assuming a Unicode (UTF-8) locale, but the results could
well be wrong except if the locale happens to be ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) where this
message is spurious and can be ignored.

Use of chdir('') or chdir(undef) as chdir() deprecated
(D deprecated) chdir() with no arguments is documented to change to $ENV{HOME} or
$ENV{LOGDIR}. chdir(undef) and chdir('') share this behavior, but that has been
deprecated. In future versions they will simply fail.

Be careful to check that what you pass to chdir() is defined and not blank, else you
might find yourself in your home directory.

Use of /c modifier is meaningless in s///
(W regexp) You used the /c modifier in a substitution. The /c modifier is not
presently meaningful in substitutions.

Use of /c modifier is meaningless without /g
(W regexp) You used the /c modifier with a regex operand, but didn't use the /g
modifier. Currently, /c is meaningful only when /g is used. (This may change in the
future.)

Use of comma-less variable list is deprecated
(D deprecated) The values you give to a format should be separated by commas, not just
aligned on a line.

Use of each() on hash after insertion without resetting hash iterator results in undefined
behavior
(S internal) The behavior of "each()" after insertion is undefined; it may skip items,
or visit items more than once. Consider using "keys()" instead of "each()".

Use of := for an empty attribute list is not allowed
(F) The construction "my $x := 42" used to parse as equivalent to "my $x : = 42"
(applying an empty attribute list to $x). This construct was deprecated in 5.12.0,
and has now been made a syntax error, so ":=" can be reclaimed as a new operator in
the future.

If you need an empty attribute list, for example in a code generator, add a space
before the "=".

Use of freed value in iteration
(F) Perhaps you modified the iterated array within the loop? This error is typically
caused by code like the following:

@a = (3,4);
@a = () for (1,2,@a);

You are not supposed to modify arrays while they are being iterated over. For speed
and efficiency reasons, Perl internally does not do full reference-counting of
iterated items, hence deleting such an item in the middle of an iteration causes Perl
to see a freed value.

Use of *glob{FILEHANDLE} is deprecated
(D deprecated) You are now encouraged to use the shorter *glob{IO} form to access the
filehandle slot within a typeglob.

Use of /g modifier is meaningless in split
(W regexp) You used the /g modifier on the pattern for a "split" operator. Since
"split" always tries to match the pattern repeatedly, the "/g" has no effect.

Use of "goto" to jump into a construct is deprecated
(D deprecated) Using "goto" to jump from an outer scope into an inner scope is
deprecated and should be avoided.

Use of inherited AUTOLOAD for non-method %s() is deprecated
(D deprecated) As an (ahem) accidental feature, "AUTOLOAD" subroutines are looked up
as methods (using the @ISA hierarchy) even when the subroutines to be autoloaded were
called as plain functions (e.g. "Foo::bar()"), not as methods (e.g. "Foo->bar()" or
"$obj->bar()").

This bug will be rectified in future by using method lookup only for methods'
"AUTOLOAD"s. However, there is a significant base of existing code that may be using
the old behavior. So, as an interim step, Perl currently issues an optional warning
when non-methods use inherited "AUTOLOAD"s.

The simple rule is: Inheritance will not work when autoloading non-methods. The
simple fix for old code is: In any module that used to depend on inheriting
"AUTOLOAD" for non-methods from a base class named "BaseClass", execute "*AUTOLOAD =
\&BaseClass::AUTOLOAD" during startup.

In code that currently says "use AutoLoader; @ISA = qw(AutoLoader);" you should remove
AutoLoader from @ISA and change "use AutoLoader;" to "use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD';".

Use of %s in printf format not supported
(F) You attempted to use a feature of printf that is accessible from only C. This
usually means there's a better way to do it in Perl.

Use of %s is deprecated
(D deprecated) The construct indicated is no longer recommended for use, generally
because there's a better way to do it, and also because the old way has bad side
effects.

Use of literal control characters in variable names is deprecated
Use of literal non-graphic characters in variable names is deprecated
(D deprecated) Using literal non-graphic (including control) characters in the source
to refer to the ^FOO variables, like $^X and "${^GLOBAL_PHASE}" is now deprecated.
(We use "^X" and "^G" here for legibility. They actually represent the non-printable
control characters, code points 0x18 and 0x07, respectively; "^A" would mean the
control character whose code point is 0x01.) This only affects code like "$\cT", where
"\cT" is a control in the source code; "${"\cT"}" and $^T remain valid. Things that
are non-controls and also not graphic are NO-BREAK SPACE and SOFT HYPHEN, which were
previously only allowed for historical reasons.

Use of -l on filehandle%s
(W io) A filehandle represents an opened file, and when you opened the file it already
went past any symlink you are presumably trying to look for. The operation returned
"undef". Use a filename instead.

Use of my $_ is experimental
(S experimental::lexical_topic) Lexical $_ is an experimental feature and its behavior
may change or even be removed in any future release of perl. See the explanation
under "$_" in perlvar.

Use of %s on a handle without * is deprecated
(D deprecated) You used "tie", "tied" or "untie" on a scalar but that scalar happens
to hold a typeglob, which means its filehandle will be tied. If you mean to tie a
handle, use an explicit * as in "tie *$handle".

This was a long-standing bug that was removed in Perl 5.16, as there was no way to tie
the scalar itself when it held a typeglob, and no way to untie a scalar that had had a
typeglob assigned to it. If you see this message, you must be using an older version.

Use of reference "%s" as array index
(W misc) You tried to use a reference as an array index; this probably isn't what you
mean, because references in numerical context tend to be huge numbers, and so usually
indicates programmer error.

If you really do mean it, explicitly numify your reference, like so: $array[0+$ref].
This warning is not given for overloaded objects, however, because you can overload
the numification and stringification operators and then you presumably know what you
are doing.

Use of state $_ is experimental
(S experimental::lexical_topic) Lexical $_ is an experimental feature and its behavior
may change or even be removed in any future release of perl. See the explanation
under "$_" in perlvar.

Use of tainted arguments in %s is deprecated
(W taint, deprecated) You have supplied "system()" or "exec()" with multiple arguments
and at least one of them is tainted. This used to be allowed but will become a fatal
error in a future version of perl. Untaint your arguments. See perlsec.

Use of uninitialized value%s
(W uninitialized) An undefined value was used as if it were already defined. It was
interpreted as a "" or a 0, but maybe it was a mistake. To suppress this warning
assign a defined value to your variables.

To help you figure out what was undefined, perl will try to tell you the name of the
variable (if any) that was undefined. In some cases it cannot do this, so it also
tells you what operation you used the undefined value in. Note, however, that perl
optimizes your program and the operation displayed in the warning may not necessarily
appear literally in your program. For example, "that $foo" is usually optimized into
""that " . $foo", and the warning will refer to the "concatenation (.)" operator, even
though there is no "." in your program.

"use re 'strict'" is experimental
(S experimental::re_strict) The things that are different when a regular expression
pattern is compiled under 'strict' are subject to change in future Perl releases in
incompatible ways. This means that a pattern that compiles today may not in a future
Perl release. This warning is to alert you to that risk.

Use \x{...} for more than two hex characters in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) In a regular expression, you said something like

(?[ [ \xBEEF ] ])

Perl isn't sure if you meant this

(?[ [ \x{BEEF} ] ])

or if you meant this

(?[ [ \x{BE} E F ] ])

You need to add either braces or blanks to disambiguate.

Using just the first character returned by \N{} in character class in regex; marked by
<-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) Named Unicode character escapes "(\N{...})" may return a multi-character
sequence. Even though a character class is supposed to match just one character of
input, perl will match the whole thing correctly, except when the class is inverted
("[^...]"), or the escape is the beginning or final end point of a range. For these,
what should happen isn't clear at all. In these circumstances, Perl discards all but
the first character of the returned sequence, which is not likely what you want.

Using /u for '%s' instead of /%s in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(W regexp) You used a Unicode boundary ("\b{...}" or "\B{...}") in a portion of a
regular expression where the character set modifiers "/a" or "/aa" are in effect.
These two modifiers indicate an ASCII interpretation, and this doesn't make sense for
a Unicode defintion. The generated regular expression will compile so that the
boundary uses all of Unicode. No other portion of the regular expression is affected.

Using !~ with %s doesn't make sense
(F) Using the "!~" operator with "s///r", "tr///r" or "y///r" is currently reserved
for future use, as the exact behavior has not been decided. (Simply returning the
boolean opposite of the modified string is usually not particularly useful.)

UTF-16 surrogate U+%X
(S surrogate) You had a UTF-16 surrogate in a context where they are not considered
acceptable. These code points, between U+D800 and U+DFFF (inclusive), are used by
Unicode only for UTF-16. However, Perl internally allows all unsigned integer code
points (up to the size limit available on your platform), including surrogates. But
these can cause problems when being input or output, which is likely where this
message came from. If you really really know what you are doing you can turn off this
warning by "no warnings 'surrogate';".

Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined()
(W misc) In a conditional expression, you used <HANDLE>, <*> (glob), "each()", or
"readdir()" as a boolean value. Each of these constructs can return a value of "0";
that would make the conditional expression false, which is probably not what you
intended. When using these constructs in conditional expressions, test their values
with the "defined" operator.

Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long
(W misc) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read the value of an %ENV element
from a CLI symbol table, and found a resultant string longer than 1024 characters.
The return value has been truncated to 1024 characters.

values on reference is experimental
(S experimental::autoderef) "values" with a scalar argument is experimental and may
change or be removed in a future Perl version. If you want to take the risk of using
this feature, simply disable this warning:

no warnings "experimental::autoderef";

Variable "%s" is not available
(W closure) During compilation, an inner named subroutine or eval is attempting to
capture an outer lexical that is not currently available. This can happen for one of
two reasons. First, the outer lexical may be declared in an outer anonymous
subroutine that has not yet been created. (Remember that named subs are created at
compile time, while anonymous subs are created at run-time.) For example,

sub { my $a; sub f { $a } }

At the time that f is created, it can't capture the current value of $a, since the
anonymous subroutine hasn't been created yet. Conversely, the following won't give a
warning since the anonymous subroutine has by now been created and is live:

sub { my $a; eval 'sub f { $a }' }->();

The second situation is caused by an eval accessing a variable that has gone out of
scope, for example,

sub f {
my $a;
sub { eval '$a' }
}
f()->();

Here, when the '$a' in the eval is being compiled, f() is not currently being
executed, so its $a is not available for capture.

Variable "%s" is not imported%s
(S misc) With "use strict" in effect, you referred to a global variable that you
apparently thought was imported from another module, because something else of the
same name (usually a subroutine) is exported by that module. It usually means you put
the wrong funny character on the front of your variable.

Variable length lookbehind not implemented in regex m/%s/
(F) Lookbehind is allowed only for subexpressions whose length is fixed and known at
compile time. For positive lookbehind, you can use the "\K" regex construct as a way
to get the equivalent functionality. See "(?<=pattern) \K" in perlre.

There are non-obvious Unicode rules under "/i" that can match variably, but which you
might not think could. For example, the substring "ss" can match the single character
LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S. There are other sequences of ASCII characters that can
match single ligature characters, such as LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI matching
"qr/ffi/i". Starting in Perl v5.16, if you only care about ASCII matches, adding the
"/aa" modifier to the regex will exclude all these non-obvious matches, thus getting
rid of this message. You can also say "use re qw(/aa)" to apply "/aa" to all regular
expressions compiled within its scope. See re.

"%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s
(W misc) A "my", "our" or "state" variable has been redeclared in the current scope or
statement, effectively eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is
almost always a typographical error. Note that the earlier variable will still exist
until the end of the scope or until all closure references to it are destroyed.

Variable syntax
(A) You've accidentally run your script through csh instead of Perl. Check the #!
line, or manually feed your script into Perl yourself.

Variable "%s" will not stay shared
(W closure) An inner (nested) named subroutine is referencing a lexical variable
defined in an outer named subroutine.

When the inner subroutine is called, it will see the value of the outer subroutine's
variable as it was before and during the *first* call to the outer subroutine; in this
case, after the first call to the outer subroutine is complete, the inner and outer
subroutines will no longer share a common value for the variable. In other words, the
variable will no longer be shared.

This problem can usually be solved by making the inner subroutine anonymous, using the
"sub {}" syntax. When inner anonymous subs that reference variables in outer
subroutines are created, they are automatically rebound to the current values of such
variables.

vector argument not supported with alpha versions
(S printf) The %vd (s)printf format does not support version objects with alpha parts.

Verb pattern '%s' has a mandatory argument in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a verb pattern that requires an argument. Supply an argument or check
that you are using the right verb.

Verb pattern '%s' may not have an argument in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) You used a verb pattern that is not allowed an argument. Remove the argument or
check that you are using the right verb.

Version number must be a constant number
(P) The attempt to translate a "use Module n.n LIST" statement into its equivalent
"BEGIN" block found an internal inconsistency with the version number.

Version string '%s' contains invalid data; ignoring: '%s'
(W misc) The version string contains invalid characters at the end, which are being
ignored.

Warning: something's wrong
(W) You passed warn() an empty string (the equivalent of "warn """) or you called it
with no args and $@ was empty.

Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly
(S) The implicit close() done by an open() got an error indication on the close().
This usually indicates your file system ran out of disk space.

Warning: unable to close filehandle properly: %s
Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly: %s
(S io) An error occurred when Perl implicitly closed a filehandle. This usually
indicates your file system ran out of disk space.

Warning: Use of "%s" without parentheses is ambiguous
(S ambiguous) You wrote a unary operator followed by something that looks like a
binary operator that could also have been interpreted as a term or unary operator.
For instance, if you know that the rand function has a default argument of 1.0, and
you write

rand + 5;

you may THINK you wrote the same thing as

rand() + 5;

but in actual fact, you got

rand(+5);

So put in parentheses to say what you really mean.

when is experimental
(S experimental::smartmatch) "when" depends on smartmatch, which is experimental.
Additionally, it has several special cases that may not be immediately obvious, and
their behavior may change or even be removed in any future release of perl. See the
explanation under "Experimental Details on given and when" in perlsyn.

Wide character in %s
(S utf8) Perl met a wide character (>255) when it wasn't expecting one. This warning
is by default on for I/O (like print). The easiest way to quiet this warning is
simply to add the ":utf8" layer to the output, e.g. "binmode STDOUT, ':utf8'".
Another way to turn off the warning is to add "no warnings 'utf8';" but that is often
closer to cheating. In general, you are supposed to explicitly mark the filehandle
with an encoding, see open and "binmode" in perlfunc.

Wide character (U+%X) in %s
(W locale) While in a single-byte locale (i.e., a non-UTF-8 one), a multi-byte
character was encountered. Perl considers this character to be the specified Unicode
code point. Combining non-UTF-8 locales and Unicode is dangerous. Almost certainly
some characters will have two different representations. For example, in the ISO
8859-7 (Greek) locale, the code point 0xC3 represents a Capital Gamma. But so also
does 0x393. This will make string comparisons unreliable.

You likely need to figure out how this multi-byte character got mixed up with your
single-byte locale (or perhaps you thought you had a UTF-8 locale, but Perl
disagrees).

Within []-length '%c' not allowed
(F) The count in the (un)pack template may be replaced by "[TEMPLATE]" only if
"TEMPLATE" always matches the same amount of packed bytes that can be determined from
the template alone. This is not possible if it contains any of the codes @, /, U, u,
w or a *-length. Redesign the template.

write() on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
Check your control flow.

%s "\x%X" does not map to Unicode
(S utf8) When reading in different encodings, Perl tries to map everything into
Unicode characters. The bytes you read in are not legal in this encoding. For
example

utf8 "\xE4" does not map to Unicode

if you try to read in the a-diaereses Latin-1 as UTF-8.

'X' outside of string
(F) You had a (un)pack template that specified a relative position before the
beginning of the string being (un)packed. See "pack" in perlfunc.

'x' outside of string in unpack
(F) You had a pack template that specified a relative position after the end of the
string being unpacked. See "pack" in perlfunc.

YOU HAVEN'T DISABLED SET-ID SCRIPTS IN THE KERNEL YET!
(F) And you probably never will, because you probably don't have the sources to your
kernel, and your vendor probably doesn't give a rip about what you want. Your best
bet is to put a setuid C wrapper around your script.

You need to quote "%s"
(W syntax) You assigned a bareword as a signal handler name. Unfortunately, you
already have a subroutine of that name declared, which means that Perl 5 will try to
call the subroutine when the assignment is executed, which is probably not what you
want. (If it IS what you want, put an & in front.)

Your random numbers are not that random
(F) When trying to initialize the random seed for hashes, Perl could not get any
randomness out of your system. This usually indicates Something Very Wrong.

Zero length \N{} in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/
(F) Named Unicode character escapes ("\N{...}") may return a zero-length sequence.
Such an escape was used in an extended character class, i.e. "(?[...])", which is not
permitted. Check that the correct escape has been used, and the correct charnames
handler is in scope. The <-- HERE shows whereabouts in the regular expression the
problem was discovered.

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