qmail-newaliases - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

newaliases - create a forwarding database from /etc/aliases

SYNOPSIS

newaliases

DESCRIPTION

newaliases reads a table of sendmail-style forwarding instructions from /etc/aliases and
converts them into a forwarding database in /etc/aliases.cdb. The forwarding database can
be used by fastforward.

For safety, newaliases writes the forwarding database to /etc/aliases.tmp and then moves
/etc/aliases.tmp to /etc/aliases.cdb. If there is a problem creating /etc/aliases.tmp,
newaliases complains and leaves /etc/aliases.cdb alone. Deliveries can continue using
/etc/aliases.cdb in the meantime.

newaliases always creates /etc/aliases.cdb world-readable.

newaliases makes no attempt to protect against simultaneous updates of /etc/aliases.cdb.

INSTRUCTION FORMAT

newaliases imitates sendmail's handling of /etc/aliases. For example,

root: alice, bill

says that mail for root should be forwarded to alice and bill.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: newaliases does not support file deliveries. You can use the file
delivery mechanism described in dot-qmail(5) instead.

SIMPLE ALIASES

The simplest type of forwarding instruction is a line of the form

alias: recip

Any message sent to alias will be forwarded to the recipient address recip. Addresses are
compared to alias without regard to case.

Forwarding instructions are cumulative. If recip is itself an alias, messages to alias
will be forwarded the same way as messages to recip. For example, with the following
instructions, messages to postmaster@heaven.af.mil or root@heaven.af.mil will be delivered
to Bob:

postmaster@heaven.af.mil: bob@heaven.af.mil
root@heaven.af.mil: postmaster@heaven.af.mil

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: With sendmail, entries in /etc/aliases can override usernames.
With qmail, if you install fastforward in ~alias/.qmail-default, it will not see addresses
that are controlled by other users. See qmail-getpw(8). To change this, see qmail-
users(5).

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: Various versions of sendmail do various strange things with
circular alias definitions. See setforward(1) for details on fastforward's behavior.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: If there are several forwarding instructions for a single alias,
sendmail will complain; fastforward will silently use the first instruction.

WILDCARDS

alias can have the form user@host.dom for one user at one host, @host.dom for all users at
one host, or user for one user at all hosts.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail supports only user; it does not support per-host aliases.
It accepts user@host.dom if host.dom is a local host, but it then treats it the same way
as user, applying to all local hosts and virtual domains.

ADDRESS FORMATS

Addresses in /etc/aliases are parsed the same way as addresses in RFC 822 message headers.
Parenthesized comments and bracketed addresses are permitted:

root: bob (Bob, the postmaster)
joe: Joe Shmoe <shmoe@heaven.af.mil>

Addresses with special characters must be quoted:

fred: "spaced out mailbox"@heaven.af.mil

Address groups are not permitted, since colons have a different use in /etc/aliases.

Any recipient address without a fully qualified domain name is fed through the
defaulthost, defaultdomain, and plusdomain mechanisms described in qmail-header(5).

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail's handling of quotes and backslashes violates RFC 821 and
RFC 822, and is not supported by newaliases. The qmail-local delivery mechanism lets each
user manage several addresses, so there is no need for a special syntax to get around
forwarding.

MULTIPLE RECIPIENTS

An instruction may list more than one recipient address:

alias: recip1, recip2, recip3

Any message sent to alias will be forwarded to all of the addresses.

A forwarding instruction may be split across several lines. Each line past the first must
either (1) begin with space or tab or (2) be empty:

hostmaster:
fred,
joe

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail requires the colon to be on the first line of a multi-line
forwarding instruction. newaliases doesn't care whether the colon is present at all.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail does not permit blank lines in the middle of
continuations. This has the undesirable effect that a blank line behaves differently from
a line containing a single space.

COMMENTS

Any line in /etc/aliases that begins with # is ignored:

# this is a comment

A comment may be split across several lines. Each line past the first must either (1)
begin with space or tab or (2) be empty.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail does not permit continuations of comment lines.

PROGRAMS

If a recipient address does not contain a domain name, and begins with a vertical bar,
newaliases takes the rest of the address as a program to run:

weather: "|weather-server"

fastforward will run weather-server when a message arrives for weather.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: Internet addresses can legitimately start with a slash or vertical
bar. newaliases treats anything with an unquoted @ as an address. sendmail appears to
have various problems coping with these addresses, and with commands that contain @ signs.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: newaliases does not allow a vertical bar before double quotes.

INCLUDE FILES

A recipient address of the form :include:file means ``every address listed in file.''
(Actually fastforward reads file.bin; see newinclude(1) for further details.)

Note that file is read by fastforward, not newaliases, so the system administrator does
not have to run newaliases every time file changes. file must be world-readable and
accessible to fastforward.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: If an :include: file is unreadable or nonexistent, sendmail skips
it; fastforward defers delivery of the message.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: sendmail does not permit spaces inside the literal text :include:.
newaliases does.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: Versions of sendmail before V8 did not strip quotes from :include:
filenames.

ALIAS OWNERS

If there is an alias for owner-list, any message forwarded through list will have its
envelope sender set to owner-list, so that bounces go back to owner-list.

COMPATIBILITY WARNING: When an alias includes the same recipient both inside and outside a
mailing list, fastforward sends the message twice, once with each envelope sender.
sendmail sends the message only once; its choice of envelope sender for that recipient
depends on the phase of the moon.

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