rrdtool - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

rrdtool - Round Robin Database Tool

SYNOPSIS

rrdtool - [workdir]| function

DESCRIPTION

OVERVIEW
It is pretty easy to gather status information from all sorts of things, ranging from the
temperature in your office to the number of octets which have passed through the FDDI
interface of your router. But it is not so trivial to store this data in an efficient and
systematic manner. This is where RRDtool comes in handy. It lets you log and analyze the
data you gather from all kinds of data-sources (DS). The data analysis part of RRDtool is
based on the ability to quickly generate graphical representations of the data values
collected over a definable time period.

In this man page you will find general information on the design and functionality of the
Round Robin Database Tool (RRDtool). For a more detailed description of how to use the
individual functions of RRDtool check the corresponding man page.

For an introduction to the usage of RRDtool make sure you consult the rrdtutorial.

FUNCTIONS
While the man pages talk of command line switches you have to set in order to make RRDtool
work it is important to note that RRDtool can be remotely controlled through a set of
pipes. This saves a considerable amount of startup time when you plan to make RRDtool do a
lot of things quickly. Check the section on "REMOTE CONTROL" further down. There is also a
number of language bindings for RRDtool which allow you to use it directly from Perl,
python, Tcl, PHP, etc.

create Set up a new Round Robin Database (RRD). Check rrdcreate.

update Store new data values into an RRD. Check rrdupdate.

updatev Operationally equivalent to update except for output. Check rrdupdate.

graph Create a graph from data stored in one or several RRDs. Apart from generating
graphs, data can also be extracted to stdout. Check rrdgraph.

graphv Create a graph from data stored in one or several RRDs. Same as graph, but
metadata are printed before the graph. Check rrdgraph.

dump Dump the contents of an RRD in plain ASCII. In connection with restore you can use
this to move an RRD from one computer architecture to another. Check rrddump.

restore Restore an RRD in XML format to a binary RRD. Check rrdrestore

fetch Get data for a certain time period from a RRD. The graph function uses fetch to
retrieve its data from an RRD. Check rrdfetch.

tune Alter setup and structure of an RRD. Check rrdtune.

first Find the first update time of an RRD. Check rrdfirst.

last Find the last update time of an RRD. Check rrdlast.

lastupdate
Find the last update time of an RRD. It also returns the value stored for each
datum in the most recent update. Check rrdlastupdate.

info Get information about an RRD. Check rrdinfo.

resize Change the size of individual RRAs. This is dangerous! Check rrdresize.

xport Export data retrieved from one or several RRDs. Check rrdxport.

flushcached
Flush the values for a specific RRD file from memory. Check rrdflushcached.

HOW DOES RRDTOOL WORK?
Data Acquisition
When monitoring the state of a system, it is convenient to have the data available
at a constant time interval. Unfortunately, you may not always be able to fetch
data at exactly the time you want to. Therefore RRDtool lets you update the log
file at any time you want. It will automatically interpolate the value of the
data-source (DS) at the latest official time-slot (interval) and write this
interpolated value to the log. The original value you have supplied is stored as
well and is also taken into account when interpolating the next log entry.

Consolidation
You may log data at a 1 minute interval, but you might also be interested to know
the development of the data over the last year. You could do this by simply
storing the data in 1 minute intervals for the whole year. While this would take
considerable disk space it would also take a lot of time to analyze the data when
you wanted to create a graph covering the whole year. RRDtool offers a solution to
this problem through its data consolidation feature. When setting up an Round
Robin Database (RRD), you can define at which interval this consolidation should
occur, and what consolidation function (CF) (average, minimum, maximum, last)
should be used to build the consolidated values (see rrdcreate). You can define
any number of different consolidation setups within one RRD. They will all be
maintained on the fly when new data is loaded into the RRD.

Round Robin Archives
Data values of the same consolidation setup are stored into Round Robin Archives
(RRA). This is a very efficient manner to store data for a certain amount of time,
while using a known and constant amount of storage space.

It works like this: If you want to store 1'000 values in 5 minute interval,
RRDtool will allocate space for 1'000 data values and a header area. In the header
it will store a pointer telling which slots (value) in the storage area was last
written to. New values are written to the Round Robin Archive in, you guessed it,
a round robin manner. This automatically limits the history to the last 1'000
values (in our example). Because you can define several RRAs within a single RRD,
you can setup another one, for storing 750 data values at a 2 hour interval, for
example, and thus keep a log for the last two months at a lower resolution.

The use of RRAs guarantees that the RRD does not grow over time and that old data
is automatically eliminated. By using the consolidation feature, you can still
keep data for a very long time, while gradually reducing the resolution of the
data along the time axis.

Using different consolidation functions (CF) allows you to store exactly the type
of information that actually interests you: the maximum one minute traffic on the
LAN, the minimum temperature of your wine cellar, ... etc.

Unknown Data
As mentioned earlier, the RRD stores data at a constant interval. Sometimes it may
happen that no new data is available when a value has to be written to the RRD.
Data acquisition may not be possible for one reason or other. With RRDtool you can
handle these situations by storing an *UNKNOWN* value into the database. The value
'*UNKNOWN*' is supported through all the functions of the tool. When consolidating
a data set, the amount of *UNKNOWN* data values is accounted for and when a new
consolidated value is ready to be written to its Round Robin Archive (RRA), a
validity check is performed to make sure that the percentage of unknown values in
the data point is above a configurable level. If not, an *UNKNOWN* value will be
written to the RRA.

Graphing
RRDtool allows you to generate reports in numerical and graphical form based on
the data stored in one or several RRDs. The graphing feature is fully
configurable. Size, color and contents of the graph can be defined freely. Check
rrdgraph for more information on this.

Aberrant Behavior Detection
by Jake Brutlag

RRDtool provides the building blocks for near real-time aberrant behavior
detection. These components include:

· An algorithm for predicting the value of a time series one time step into the
future.

· A measure of deviation between predicted and observed values.

· A mechanism to decide if and when an observed value or sequence of observed
values is too deviant from the predicted value(s).

Here is a brief explanation of these components:

The Holt-Winters time series forecasting algorithm is an on-line (or incremental)
algorithm that adaptively predicts future observations in a time series. Its
forecast is the sum of three components: a baseline (or intercept), a linear trend
over time (or slope), and a seasonal coefficient (a periodic effect, such as a
daily cycle). There is one seasonal coefficient for each time point in the period
(cycle). After a value is observed, each of these components is updated via
exponential smoothing. This means that the algorithm "learns" from past values and
uses them to predict the future. The rate of adaptation is governed by 3
parameters, alpha (intercept), beta (slope), and gamma (seasonal). The prediction
can also be viewed as a smoothed value for the time series.

The measure of deviation is a seasonal weighted absolute deviation. The term
seasonal means deviation is measured separately for each time point in the
seasonal cycle. As with Holt-Winters forecasting, deviation is predicted using the
measure computed from past values (but only at that point in the seasonal cycle).
After the value is observed, the algorithm learns from the observed value via
exponential smoothing. Confidence bands for the observed time series are generated
by scaling the sequence of predicted deviation values (we usually think of the
sequence as a continuous line rather than a set of discrete points).

Aberrant behavior (a potential failure) is reported whenever the number of times
the observed value violates the confidence bands meets or exceeds a specified
threshold within a specified temporal window (e.g. 5 violations during the past 45
minutes with a value observed every 5 minutes).

This functionality is embedded in a set of related RRAs. In particular, a FAILURES
RRA logs potential failures. With these data you could, for example, use a front-
end application to RRDtool to initiate real-time alerts.

For a detailed description on how to set this up, see rrdcreate.

REMOTE CONTROL
When you start RRDtool with the command line option '-' it waits for input via standard
input (STDIN). With this feature you can improve performance by attaching RRDtool to
another process (MRTG is one example) through a set of pipes. Over these pipes RRDtool
accepts the same arguments as on the command line and some special commands like cd,
mkdir, pwd, ls and quit. For detailed help on the server commands type:

rrdtool help cd

When a command is completed, RRDtool will print the string '"OK"', followed by timing
information of the form u:usertime s:systemtime. Both values are the running totals of
seconds since RRDtool was started. If an error occurs, a line of the form '"ERROR:"
Description of error' will be printed instead. RRDtool will not abort, unless something
really serious happens. If a workdir is specified and the UID is 0, RRDtool will do a
chroot to that workdir. If the UID is not 0, RRDtool only changes the current directory to
workdir.

RRD Server
If you want to create a RRD-Server, you must choose a TCP/IP Service number and add them
to /etc/services like this:

rrdsrv 13900/tcp # RRD server

Attention: the TCP port 13900 isn't officially registered for rrdsrv. You can use any
unused port in your services file, but the server and the client system must use the same
port, of course.

With this configuration you can add RRDtool as meta-server to /etc/inetd.conf. For
example:

rrdsrv stream tcp nowait root /opt/rrd/bin/rrdtool rrdtool - /var/rrd

Don't forget to create the database directory /var/rrd and reinitialize your inetd.

If all was setup correctly, you can access the server with Perl sockets, tools like
netcat, or in a quick interactive test by using 'telnet localhost rrdsrv'.

NOTE: that there is no authentication with this feature! Do not setup such a port unless
you are sure what you are doing.

RRDCACHED, THE CACHING DAEMON

For very big setups, updating thousands of RRD files often becomes a serious IO problem.
If you run into such problems, you might want to take a look at rrdcached, a caching
daemon for RRDtool which may help you lessen the stress on your disks.

Use rrdtool online using onworks.net services