virt-ls - Online in the Cloud

PROGRAM:

NAME

virt-ls - List files in a virtual machine

SYNOPSIS

virt-ls [--options] -d domname directory [directory ...]

virt-ls [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...] directory [directory ...]

Old style:

virt-ls [--options] domname directory

virt-ls [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...] directory

DESCRIPTION

"virt-ls" lists filenames, file sizes, checksums, extended attributes and more from a
virtual machine or disk image.

Multiple directory names can be given, in which case the output from each is concatenated.

To list directories from a libvirt guest use the -d option to specify the name of the
guest. For a disk image, use the -a option.

"virt-ls" can do many simple file listings. For more complicated cases you may need to
use guestfish(1), or write a program directly to the guestfs(3) API.

EXAMPLES

Get a list of all files and directories in a virtual machine:

virt-ls -R -d guest /

List all setuid or setgid programs in a Linux virtual machine:

virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^- [42]'

List all public-writable directories in a Linux virtual machine:

virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^d ...7'

List all Unix domain sockets in a Linux virtual machine:

virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep '^s'

List all regular files with filenames ending in '.png':

virt-ls -lR -d guest / | grep -i '^-.*\.png$'

To display files larger than 10MB in home directories:

virt-ls -lR -d guest /home | awk '$3 > 10*1024*1024'

Find everything modified in the last 7 days:

virt-ls -lR -d guest --time-days / | awk '$6 <= 7'

Find regular files modified in the last 24 hours:

virt-ls -lR -d guest --time-days / | grep '^-' | awk '$6 < 1'

DIFFERENCES IN SNAPSHOTS AND BACKING FILES
Although it is possible to use virt-ls to look for differences, since libguestfs ≥ 1.26 a
new tool is available called virt-diff(1).

OUTPUT MODES

"virt-ls" has four output modes, controlled by different combinations of the -l and -R
options.

SIMPLE LISTING
A simple listing is like the ordinary ls(1) command:

$ virt-ls -d guest /
bin
boot
[etc.]

LONG LISTING
With the -l (--long) option, the output is like the "ls -l" command (more specifically,
like the "guestfs_ll" function).

$ virt-ls -l -d guest /
total 204
dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 2009-08-25 19:06 bin
dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 3072 2009-08-25 19:06 boot
[etc.]

Note that while this is useful for displaying a directory, do not try parsing this output
in another program. Use "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" instead.

RECURSIVE LISTING
With the -R (--recursive) option, "virt-ls" lists the names of files and directories
recursively:

$ virt-ls -R -d guest /tmp
foo
foo/bar
[etc.]

To generate this output, "virt-ls" runs the "guestfs_find0" function and converts "\0"
characters to "\n".

RECURSIVE LONG LISTING
Using -lR options together changes the output to display directories recursively, with
file stats, and optionally other features such as checksums and extended attributes.

Most of the interesting features of "virt-ls" are only available when using -lR mode.

The fields are normally space-separated. Filenames are not quoted, so you cannot use the
output in another program (because filenames can contain spaces and other unsafe
characters). If the guest was untrusted and someone knew you were using "virt-ls" to
analyze the guest, they could play tricks on you by creating filenames with embedded
newline characters. To safely parse the output in another program, use the --csv (Comma-
Separated Values) option.

Note that this output format is completely unrelated to the "ls -lR" command.

$ virt-ls -lR -d guest /bin
d 0555 4096 /bin
- 0755 123 /bin/alsaunmute
- 0755 28328 /bin/arch
l 0777 4 /bin/awk -> gawk
- 0755 27216 /bin/basename
- 0755 943360 /bin/bash
[etc.]

These basic fields are always shown:

type
The file type, one of: "-" (regular file), "d" (directory), "c" (character device),
"b" (block device), "p" (named pipe), "l" (symbolic link), "s" (socket) or "u"
(unknown).

permissions
The Unix permissions, displayed as a 4 digit octal number.

size
The size of the file. This is shown in bytes unless -h or --human-readable option is
given, in which case this is shown as a human-readable number.

path
The full path of the file or directory.

link
For symbolic links only, the link target.

In -lR mode, additional command line options enable the display of more fields.

With the --uids flag, these additional fields are displayed before the path:

uid
gid The UID and GID of the owner of the file (displayed numerically). Note these only
make sense in the context of a Unix-like guest.

With the --times flag, these additional fields are displayed:

atime
The time of last access.

mtime
The time of last modification.

ctime
The time of last status change.

The time fields are displayed as string dates and times, unless one of the --time-t,
--time-relative or --time-days flags is given.

With the --extra-stats flag, these additional fields are displayed:

device
The device containing the file (displayed as major:minor). This may not match devices
as known to the guest.

inode
The inode number.

nlink
The number of hard links.

rdev
For block and char special files, the device (displayed as major:minor).

blocks
The number of 512 byte blocks allocated to the file.

With the --checksum flag, the checksum of the file contents is shown (only for regular
files). Computing file checksums can take a considerable amount of time.

OPTIONS

--help
Display brief help.

-a file
--add file
Add file which should be a disk image from a virtual machine. If the virtual machine
has multiple block devices, you must supply all of them with separate -a options.

The format of the disk image is auto-detected. To override this and force a
particular format use the --format=.. option.

-a URI
--add URI
Add a remote disk. See "ADDING REMOTE STORAGE" in guestfish(1).

--checksum
--checksum=crc|md5|sha1|sha224|sha256|sha384|sha512
Display checksum over file contents for regular files. With no argument, this
defaults to using md5. Using an argument, you can select the checksum type to use.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

-c URI
--connect URI
If using libvirt, connect to the given URI. If omitted, then we connect to the
default libvirt hypervisor.

If you specify guest block devices directly (-a), then libvirt is not used at all.

--csv
Write out the results in CSV format (comma-separated values). This format can be
imported easily into databases and spreadsheets, but read "NOTE ABOUT CSV FORMAT"
below.

-d guest
--domain guest
Add all the disks from the named libvirt guest. Domain UUIDs can be used instead of
names.

--echo-keys
When prompting for keys and passphrases, virt-ls normally turns echoing off so you
cannot see what you are typing. If you are not worried about Tempest attacks and
there is no one else in the room you can specify this flag to see what you are typing.

--extra-stats
Display extra stats.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--format=raw|qcow2|..
--format
The default for the -a option is to auto-detect the format of the disk image. Using
this forces the disk format for -a options which follow on the command line. Using
--format with no argument switches back to auto-detection for subsequent -a options.

For example:

virt-ls --format=raw -a disk.img /dir

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img.

virt-ls --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img /dir

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for disk.img and reverts to auto-detection for
another.img.

If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use this option to
specify the disk format. This avoids a possible security problem with malicious
guests (CVE-2010-3851).

-h
--human-readable
Display file sizes in human-readable format.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--keys-from-stdin
Read key or passphrase parameters from stdin. The default is to try to read
passphrases from the user by opening /dev/tty.

-m dev[:mountpoint[:options[:fstype]]]
--mount dev[:mountpoint[:options[:fstype]]]
Mount the named partition or logical volume on the given mountpoint.

If the mountpoint is omitted, it defaults to /.

Specifying any mountpoint disables the inspection of the guest and the mount of its
root and all of its mountpoints, so make sure to mount all the mountpoints needed to
work with the filenames given as arguments.

If you don't know what filesystems a disk image contains, you can either run guestfish
without this option, then list the partitions, filesystems and LVs available (see
"list-partitions", "list-filesystems" and "lvs" commands), or you can use the
virt-filesystems(1) program.

The third (and rarely used) part of the mount parameter is the list of mount options
used to mount the underlying filesystem. If this is not given, then the mount options
are either the empty string or "ro" (the latter if the --ro flag is used). By
specifying the mount options, you override this default choice. Probably the only
time you would use this is to enable ACLs and/or extended attributes if the filesystem
can support them:

-m /dev/sda1:/:acl,user_xattr

Using this flag is equivalent to using the "mount-options" command.

The fourth part of the parameter is the filesystem driver to use, such as "ext3" or
"ntfs". This is rarely needed, but can be useful if multiple drivers are valid for a
filesystem (eg: "ext2" and "ext3"), or if libguestfs misidentifies a filesystem.

-l
--long
-R
--recursive
Select the mode. With neither of these options, "virt-ls" produces a simple, flat
list of the files in the named directory. See "SIMPLE LISTING".

"virt-ls -l" produces a "long listing", which shows more detail. See "LONG LISTING".

"virt-ls -R" produces a recursive list of files starting at the named directory. See
"RECURSIVE LISTING".

"virt-ls -lR" produces a recursive long listing which can be more easily parsed. See
"RECURSIVE LONG LISTING".

--times
Display time fields.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--time-days
Display time fields as days before now (negative if in the future).

Note that 0 in output means "up to 1 day before now", or that the age of the file is
between 0 and 86399 seconds.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--time-relative
Display time fields as seconds before now (negative if in the future).

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--time-t
Display time fields as seconds since the Unix epoch.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

--uids
Display UID and GID fields.

This option only has effect in -lR output mode. See "RECURSIVE LONG LISTING" above.

-v
--verbose
Enable verbose messages for debugging.

-V
--version
Display version number and exit.

-x Enable tracing of libguestfs API calls.

OLD-STYLE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

Previous versions of virt-ls allowed you to write either:

virt-ls disk.img [disk.img ...] /dir

or

virt-ls guestname /dir

whereas in this version you should use -a or -d respectively to avoid the confusing case
where a disk image might have the same name as a guest.

For compatibility the old style is still supported.

NOTE ABOUT CSV FORMAT

Comma-separated values (CSV) is a deceptive format. It seems like it should be easy to
parse, but it is definitely not easy to parse.

Myth: Just split fields at commas. Reality: This does not work reliably. This example
has two columns:

"foo,bar",baz

Myth: Read the file one line at a time. Reality: This does not work reliably. This
example has one row:

"foo
bar",baz

For shell scripts, use "csvtool" (http://merjis.com/developers/csv also packaged in major
Linux distributions).

For other languages, use a CSV processing library (eg. "Text::CSV" for Perl or Python's
built-in csv library).

Most spreadsheets and databases can import CSV directly.

EXIT STATUS

This program returns 0 if successful, or non-zero if there was an error.

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