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PROGRAM:
NAME
wc — word, line, and byte or character count
SYNOPSIS
wc [−c|−m] [−lw] [file...]
DESCRIPTION
The wc utility shall read one or more input files and, by default, write the number of
<newline> characters, words, and bytes contained in each input file to the standard
output.
The utility also shall write a total count for all named files, if more than one input
file is specified.
The wc utility shall consider a word to be a non-zero-length string of characters
delimited by white space.
OPTIONS
The wc utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2,
Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
−c Write to the standard output the number of bytes in each input file.
−l Write to the standard output the number of <newline> characters in each input
file.
−m Write to the standard output the number of characters in each input file.
−w Write to the standard output the number of words in each input file.
When any option is specified, wc shall report only the information requested by the
specified options.
OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:
file A pathname of an input file. If no file operands are specified, the standard
input shall be used.
STDIN
The standard input shall be used if no file operands are specified, and shall be used if a
file operand is '−' and the implementation treats the '−' as meaning standard input.
Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used. See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
The input files may be of any type.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of wc:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization
variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other
internationalization variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments and input files) and which characters are defined as white-space
characters.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of
diagnostic messages written to standard error and informative messages written
to standard output.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
By default, the standard output shall contain an entry for each input file of the form:
"%d %d %d %s\n", <newlines>, <words>, <bytes>, <file>
If the −m option is specified, the number of characters shall replace the <bytes> field in
this format.
If any options are specified and the −l option is not specified, the number of <newline>
characters shall not be written.
If any options are specified and the −w option is not specified, the number of words shall
not be written.
If any options are specified and neither −c nor −m is specified, the number of bytes or
characters shall not be written.
If no input file operands are specified, no name shall be written and no <blank>
characters preceding the pathname shall be written.
If more than one input file operand is specified, an additional line shall be written, of
the same format as the other lines, except that the word total (in the POSIX locale) shall
be written instead of a pathname and the total of each column shall be written as
appropriate. Such an additional line, if any, is written at the end of the output.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
The −m option is not a switch, but an option at the same level as −c. Thus, to produce
the full default output with character counts instead of bytes, the command required is:
wc −mlw
EXAMPLES
None.
RATIONALE
The output file format pseudo-printf() string differs from the System V version of wc:
"%7d%7d%7d %s\n"
which produces possibly ambiguous and unparsable results for very large files, as it
assumes no number shall exceed six digits.
Some historical implementations use only <space>, <tab>, and <newline> as word separators.
The equivalent of the ISO C standard isspace() function is more appropriate.
The −c option stands for ``character'' count, even though it counts bytes. This stems
from the sometimes erroneous historical view that bytes and characters are the same size.
Due to international requirements, the −m option (reminiscent of ``multi-byte'') was added
to obtain actual character counts.
Early proposals only specified the results when input files were text files. The current
specification more closely matches historical practice. (Bytes, words, and <newline>
characters are counted separately and the results are written when an end-of-file is
detected.)
Historical implementations of the wc utility only accepted one argument to specify the
options −c, −l, and −w. Some of them also had multiple occurrences of an option cause the
corresponding count to be written multiple times and had the order of specification of the
options affect the order of the fields on output, but did not document either of these.
Because common usage either specifies no options or only one option, and because none of
this was documented, the changes required by this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 should not break
many historical applications (and do not break any historical conforming applications).
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
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